Finding Psychological Measures and Manipulations

most recent major update: Nov. 2008

The first place to start when looking for a way to measure a particular construct is with PSYCHINFO. If you can't seem to zero in on what you want in PSYCHINFO, this list of resources might be able to help. Some of the listings are web links to the scale itself, and others are authors, keywords, or citations you can plug into PSYCHINFO to try to get what you need. Be sure to check out the general book and web resources just below as a starting point. The best way to search the specfic constructs is to go to the "Edit" and "Find" feature in your browser. Try searching a variety of terms. The resources are not listed in any particular order, so be sure to review all the possibilities carefully.

Note: This is not an exhaustive list, but instead an eclectic list informed by resources various psychology faculty and students have come across in their research. You should also check with your research advisor, as he or she may have their own "catalog" of scales.  This website is intended as a resource for undergraduate students and is a collection of possible sources for the user to track down. Please do not email the Psychology Department at Muhlenberg for assistance with any of these measures, we don't know any more than what is listed. Also, check for copyright/use permissions for all scales, especially if you publish or present your work.

If you can't find the specific measure you are looking for on this page, be sure to check out the general resources listed just below. If all of those efforts fail you, check out the advice at the bottom of this webpage.

Please help update and add to this list. Email wolfe@muhlenberg.edu with revisions (e.g., broken links) or additions.

• Directory of Unpublished Experimental Mental Measures, Bert A. Goldman, David F. Mitchell, and Paula Egelson
• J. Maltby, C.A. Lewis, & A. Hill (Eds.).  (2000). Commissioned Reviews of 250 Psychological Tests: Volume 1. Wales, UK: Edwin Mellen Press. (ISBN 077347452-8)
• J. Maltby, C.A. Lewis, & A. Hill (Eds.). (2000) Commissioned Reviews of 250 Psychological Tests: Volume 2. Wales, UK: Edwin Mellen Press. (ISBN 077347454-4)
• Robinson, J.P., Shaver, P.R., & Wrightsman, L.S. (eds.) (1991). Measures of social psychological attitudes, Vol. 1: Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
• Robinson, J.P., Shaver, P.R., & Wrightsman, L.S. (eds.) (1999). Measures of social psychological attitudes, Vol. 2: Measures of political attitudes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
• Handbook of Psychological Assessment by Gary Groth-Marnat
• Miller, D.C. (1991). Handbook of research design and social measurement. Newbury Park: Sage.
• Socioemotional measures for preschool and kindergarten children: A Handbook. (1973) Deborah Klein Walker. Jossey-Bass
• Handbook of Sexuality-Related Measures by Clive Davis, William Yarber, R. Bauserman, G. Schreer, & S. Davis (Eds.) - 1998, Sage Publications.

	Online compendium of free, public-domain psychometric instruments. http://www.hs.ttu.edu/research/reifman/qic.htm
	A database of many psychological scales: http://www.yorku.ca/rokada/psyctest/
	From Psych Web: http://www.psywww.com/resource/bytopic/testing.html.  "These free tests are range from self-diagnostic psychiatric screening tests to academic research projects gathering data online. Other tests are enticements to pay for further services (books or web site memberships) and some are labeled "for entertainment only." Listed are the free online tests [Dr. Dewey] considers the best (or, in a few cases, most revealing of common problems in test construction)."
	General "Personality" Items: The International Personality Item Pool is an excellent collection of items assessing a wide range of constructs related broadly to personality. These items have been indexed into various scales, with internal consistency (reliability) information available for each. The items are available for free use. Examples of constructs: the Big Five, depression, dissociation, self-esteem, emotional stability, perfectionism and many more. For an index of items organized into scales, see http://ipip.ori.org/newIndexofScaleLabels.htm.
	ETS - The Test Collection at ETS is a library of more than 25,000 tests and other measurement devices that makes information on standardized tests and research instruments available to researchers, graduate students, and teachers. Be sure to read "Terms of Use." http://www.ets.org/testcoll/index.html.
	Psychonomic Society Archive of Norms, Stimuli, and Data http://www.psychonomic.org/archive

• American Psychological Association - advice from APA on finding psychological tests: http://www.apa.org/science/faq-findtests.html
• Software for computer-based data collection: http://www.empirisoft.com/directrt.aspx
• Buros Institute of Mental Measurement - A comprehensive list (and reviews) of commercially available (i.e., you pay for them) tests. Go to this link (http://buros.unl.edu/buros/jsp/search.jsp) to search for test names. Note that the reviews do not include the test itself. Your search will only lead to possible test titles and authors. Your college library may have a copy of the print version of the actual book, or web access to the reviews. Be sure to check that before you purchase the review via this website. Also remember, the use of some of these scales may be restricted to licensed psychologists and/or may only be available by ordering them from the publisher. This is typically true for intelligence tests and tests like the MMPI.

Academic Self-Efficacy

• Bandura, A. (1990). Multidimensional scales of perceived self-efficacy. Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
• Chemers, M. M., Hu, L., & Garcia, B. F. (2001). Academic Self-efficacy and First Year Student Performance and Adjustment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93, 55-64
• Elias & Loomis (2000). Using an academic self-efficacy scale to address university major persistence. Journal of College Student Development, Vol 41(4), 450-454.
• E. Skinner's book Perceived Control, Motivation & Coping.
• Skinner, E. A., Chapman, M., & Baltes, P. B. (1988). Control, means-ends, and agency beliefs: A new conceptualization and its measurement during childhood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 117-133.
• Stetsenko, Little, Oettingen & Baltes (1995). Agency, control, and means-ends beliefs about school performance in Moscow children: How similar are they to beliefs of Western children? Developmental Psychology, Vol 31(2), pp. 285-299.

• Olmedo, E. L. (1979). Acculturation: A psychometric perspective. American Psychologist, 34, 1061-1070. (compared 7 scales)
• Skinner, J. H. (2002). Acculturation: Measures of ethnic accommodation to the dominant American culture. In J. H. Skinner, J. A. Teresi, H. Douglas, S. M. Stahl & A. L. Stewart (Eds.), Multicultural measurement in older populations (pp. 37-51). New York: Springer. (compared 24 scales)
• Zane, N., & Mak, W. (2003). Major approaches to the measurement of acculturation among ethnic minority populations: A content analysis and al alternative empirical strategy. In K. M. Chun, P. B. Organista, & G. Marín (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement and applied research (pp. 39-60). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Assoc. (compared 21 scales)
• Yamada, A. M., Barrio, R. V. C., & Jeste, D. (2006). Selecting an acculturation measure for use with Latino older adults. Research on Aging, 28, 519-561. (compared 15 scales)
• Matsudaira, T. (2006). Measures of psychological acculturation: A review. Transcultural Psychiatry, 43, 462-487. (compared 51 scales)
• Multicultural Center for Research and Practice: A website with links to articles about and measures of acculturation and ethnic identity.  Housed by the Antioch New England Graduate School http://www.multiculturalcenter.org/


see also Racial Identity

• Heyns, R. W., Veroff, J., & Atkinson, J. W. (1992). A scoring manual for the affiliation motive. In C. P. Smith (Ed.), Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. 211-223). New York: Cambridge University Press. Hill, C. A. (1987). Affiliation motivation: People who need people . . . but in different ways. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1008-1018.
• Atkinson, J. W., Heyns, R. W., & Veroff, J. (1958). The effect of experimental arousal of the affiliation motive on thematic apperception. In J. W. Atkinson (Ed.), Motives in fantasy, action, and society: A method of assessment and study (pp. 95-104. Princeton NJ: Van Nostrand.
• Atkinson, J. W., & Walker, E. L. (1958). The affiliation motive and perceptual sensitivity to faces. In J. W. Atkinson (Ed.), Motives in fantasy, action, and society: A method of assessment and study (pp. 360-366). Princeton NJ: Van Nostrand.
• McAdams: McAdams, D. P., & Powers, J. (1981). Themes of intimacy in behavior and thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 573-587.
• McAdams, D. P. (1992). The intimacy motive. In C. P. Smith (Ed.), Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. 224-228). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  
  For reviews of the validity and reliability of the affiliation motive measure, see:
  
  
• Koestner, R., & McClelland, D. C. (1992). The affiliation motive. In C. P. Smith (Ed.), Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. 205-210). New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Boyatzis, R. E. (1973). Affiliation motivation. In D. C. McClelland & R. S. Steele (Eds.), Human motivation -- a book of readings(pp. 252-276). Morristown, NJ: General Learning Corporation.
• Lundy, A. (1985). The reliability of the Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 141-145.
• McClelland, D. C. (1987). Human motivation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Winter, D. G. (1996). Personality: Analysis and interpretation of lives. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  
  For discussions of the relationship between content-coding and self-report measures of affiliation and other motivational needs, see:
  
  
• McClelland, D. C., Koestner, R., & Weinberger, J. (1989). How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ? Psychological Review, 96, 690-702.
• Weinberger, J., & McClelland, D. C. (1990). Cognitive versus traditional motivational models: Irreconcilable or complementary? In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 562-597). New York: Guilford Press.
• Schultheiss, O. C. (2001). An information processing account of implicit motive arousal. In M. L. Maehr & P. Pintrich (Eds.) Advances in motivation and achievement (Vol. 12: New directions in measures and methods, pp. 1-41). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
• Schultheiss, O. C., Pang, J. S., Torges, C. M., Wirth, M. M., & Treynor, W. (in press). Perceived facial expressions of emotion as motivational incentives: Evidence from a differential implicit learning paradigm. Emotion.
• Schultheiss, O. C., Dargel, A., & Rohde, W. (2003). Implicit motives and gonadal steroid hormones: Effects of menstrual cycle phase, oral contraceptive use, and relationship status. Hormones and Behavior, 43, 293-301.
• Schultheiss, O. C., Wirth, M. M., & Stanton, S. (2004). Effects of affiliation and power motivation arousal on salivary progesterone and testosterone. Hormones and Behavior, 46(5), 592-599.

• Tangney, J. P., Barlow, D. H., Wagner, P. E., Marschall, D. E., Borenstein, J. K., Sanftner, J., Mohr, T., & Gramzow, R. (1996). Assessing individual differences in constructive vs. destructive responses to anger across the lifespan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 780-796.
• Ashton, Michael C.; Jackson, Douglas N.; Helmes, Edward; Paunonen, Sampo V. (1998). Joint factor analysis of the Personality Research Form and the Jackson Personality Inventory: Comparisons with the Big Five. Journal of Research in Personality, Vol 32(2), pp. 243-250.
• Buss and Perry's Aggression Questionnaire.  Buss, A.H., & Perry, M. (1992). The Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452-459.  see http://www.yorku.ca/rokada/psyctest/

Alcohol Use and Abuse

• The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism website provides an extremely useful set of recommended questions to assess alcohol use and abuse: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/Resources/ResearchResources/TaskForce.htm

• Gilhooly, K. J. (1978). Bigram statistics for 205 five-letter words having single-solution anagrams. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 10 (3), 389-392.
• Create your own anagrams. http://www.genius2000.com/agfree.html
• Srinivas, K., & Roediger, H. L. (1990). Classifying implicit memory tests: Category association and anagram solution. Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 389-412.
• Brown, J. D., & Dutton, K. A. (1995). The thrill of victory, the complexity of defeat: Self-esteem and people's emotional reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 712-722
• Egloff, B., & Krohne, H. W. (1996). Repressive emotional discreteness after failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1318-1326.
• Aspinwall, L.G., & Richter, L. (1999). Optimism and self-mastery predict more rapid disengagement from unsolvable tasks in the presence of alternatives. Motivation and Emotion, 23, 221-245.
• Burger, J. M., & Arkin, R. M. (1980). Prediction, control and learned helplessness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 482-491. 

Anger

see Vengeance

Anxiety

• Costello-Comrey Anxiety Scale (CCAS; Costello & Comrey, 1967).
• Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory is copyrighted. It can be ordered through Mind Garden, Inc., 1690 Woodside Road, Suite 202, Redwood City, CA 94061 (650) 261-3500. http://www.mindgarden.com/products/staisad.htm

• Brief summary information about the scale: http://www.mindgarden.com/products/staisad.htm#about
• Spielberger, C. D., & Sydeman, S. J. (1994). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. In C. D. Spielberger & S. J. Sydeman (Eds.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcome assessment (p. 292-321). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Spielberger, Vagg, Barker, Donham & Westberry Chapter 6 of Stress & Anxiety: Vol. 7 (1980) Hemisphere Publishing Washington, D.C. 
• Spielberger, C.D. & Sarason, I.G. Eds. The Factor Structure of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.
• State Subscale: http://www.psych.uncc.edu/pagoolka/StateAnxiety-intro.html

• Plake, B.S., & Parker, C.S. (1982). The development and validation of a revised version of the mathematics anxiety rating scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 42, 551-557.
• Hopko, D. R. (2003). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Math Anxiety Rating Scale--Revised. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63, issue 2.
• Loyd, B. & Gressard, C. (1984). Reliability and factorial validity of computer attitude scales. Educational and Psychological Meaurement, 44, 501-55.
• Computer Anxiety Rating Scale (Heinssen, Glass & Knight, 1987) - see http://www.yorku.ca/rokada/psyctest/

• Leary, M. R. (1990). Social anxiety, shyness, and related constructs. In J. Robinson, P. Shaver, & L. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 161-194). New York: Academic Press.
• Leary, M. R. (1983). Understanding social anxiety. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
• The Social Phobia Scale/Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SPS/SIAS; Mattick & Clarke, 1998). 

• BIS/BAS measuring individuals' reward and punishment sensitivity: Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and the affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333. http://www.psy.miami.edu/faculty/ccarver/sclBISBAS.html

• The definitive website about ADULT attachment styles (including background, measures and references) can be found at:  http://www.psych.uiuc.edu/~rcfraley/measures/measures.html  

• Modify the task in: Murray, S., Rose, P., Bellavia, G., Holmes, J.,Kusche, A. (2002). When rejection stings: How self-esteem constrains relationship enhancement processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 556-573.
• Look into a number of articles by M. Mikulincer and colleagues 
• Look into work by R. Mendoza-Denton & O.Ayduk (on rejection sensitivity)
• Look into methodology created by N. Kaplan (the Separation Anxiety Test).

Attractiveness

see Physical Attractiveness

see Body Image





Belonging (e.g., need to belong)

• Need to Belong Scale: Leary, Kelly, Cottrell & Schreindorfer, 2003.
• Basic Needs Scale (including relatedness): http://www.psych.rochester.edu/SDT/measures/needs.html
• Need for Approval Scale: Mirels, Greblo & Dean, 2002
• Mehrabian's Affiliative Tendency Scale: http://www.kaaj.com/psych/scales/aff.html
• Belongingness Threat Scale:  Miller, R. J., Tee, A. J., & Kelly, K. M. The Development of the Belongingness Threat Scale. Interpersonal Relationships Lab, Western Illinois University, 2005.
• Russell, Daniel W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol 66(1), pp. 20-40.
• Mashek, Debra; Cannaday, Lisa W.; Tangney, June P. (2007). Inclusion of community in self scale: A single-item pictorial measure of community connectedness. Journal of Community Psychology, Vol 35(2), pp. 257-275. (In addition to asking about ACTUAL connectedness, we inquire about DESIRED connectedness -- this desired connectedness might hint at the need to belong)
• Williams, K. D., Forgas, J. P., & von Hippel, W. (Eds). (2005). The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying. New York: Psychology Press.
• Psychological sense of community scales could potentially be altered to get at the need to belong (E.g., you could change the item that reads, "I feel a strong sense of ties with the other people who live in my community" to "It is important to me to feel a strong sense of ties...").
  • Buckner, J.C. (1988). The development of an instrument to measure neighborhood cohesion. American Journal of Community Psychology, 16, 771–791.
  • Glynn, T.J. (1981). Psychological sense of community: Measurement and application. Human Relations, 34, 789 –818.
  • Obst, Zinkiewicz, & Smith, 2002
• Bill Ickes's Social Orientation Scale- social absorption and social individuation (his subscales) seem quite relevant to the need to belong.
• Tropp & Wright (2001).  Ingroup identification as the inclusion of ingroup in the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol 27(5), 585-600. This is a pictorial measure based on Aron’s Inclusion of Other in Self scale.
• Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Aron, Arthur; Aron, Elaine N.; Smollan, Danny; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 63(4), Oct 1992. pp. 596-612.

• Thompson & Gray (1995) Journal of Personality Assessment, "Development and Validation of a New Body-Image Assessment Scale" [Images they used published in Handbook of Assessment Methods for Eating Behaviors and Weight-Related Problems: Measures, Theory, and Research, by David B.  Allison (Editor), Sage Publications
• Cooper, P.J., Taylor, M.J., Cooper, Z. & Fairburn, C.G. (1987). The development and validation of the Body Shape Questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 6, 485-494
• The Body Esteem Scale (Franzoi & Shields, 1984) - see http://www.yorku.ca/rokada/psyctest/
• The Body Awareness Scale (Shields, Mallory & Simon, 1989) - see http://www.yorku.ca/rokada/psyctest/
• Body Parts Satisfaction Scale - Petrie, T.A., Tripp, M.M., & Harvey, P. (2002). Factorial and construct validity of the Body Parts Satisfaction Scale-Revised: An examination of minority and non-minority women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 213-221.
• Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (AppearanceEvaluation Subscale) - Brown, T. A., Cash, T. F., & Mikulka, P. J. (1990). Attitudinal body-image assessment: Factor analysis of the Body Self Relations Questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55,135-144.
• Thomas Cash offers a variety of scales for purchase at:  http://www.body-images.com/assessments/  Most scales cost about $15.
• Body-image thought processes: The development and initial validation of the Assessment of Body-Image Cognitive Distortions. Jakatdar, Tejal A.; Cash, Thomas F.; Engle, Erin K.; Body Image, Vol 3(4), Dec 2006. pp. 325-333.
• The breast/chest rating scale. Original source: Thompson, J. K., & Tantleff, S. T. (1992). Female and male ratings of upper torso: Actual, ideal, and stereotypical conceptions.  Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 7, 345-354.
• Dieting Beliefs Scale (Stotland & Zuroff, 1990) - A measure of weight locus of control. See http://www.yorku.ca/rokada/psyctest/
• Stunkard, A. J., Sorensen, T., & Schulsinger, F. (1983). Use of the Danish adoption register for the study of obesity and thinnness. In S. Katy (Ed.), The genetics of neurological and psychiatric disorders (pp. 115-120). New York: Raven Press.
• Cohn, L. D., & Adler, N. E. (1992). Female and male perceptions of ideal body shapes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 16, 69-79.
• Singh, D. (1995). Female judgment of male attractiveness and desirability for relationships: Role of waist-to-hip ratio and financial status. JPSP, 69, 1089-1101.
• Coping with body-image threats and challenges: Validation of the Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory. Cash, Thomas F.; Santos, Melanie T.; Williams, Emily Fleming; Journal of Psychosomatic Research, Vol 58(2), Feb 2005. pp. 191-199.

• Remote Associates Test, McFarlin & Blascovich (1984), Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 5, 223-229.  Website: http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~kihlstrm/RATest.htm
• Bowers, K.S., Regehr, G., Balthazard, C.G., & parker, K. (1990). Intuition in the context of discovery. Cognitive Psychology, 22, 72-110.
• Dorfman, J., Shames, V.A., & Kihlstrom, J.F. (1996). Intuition, incubation, and insight: Implicit cognition in problem-solving. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Implicit cognition (pp. 257-296). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Kihlstrom, J.F., Shames, V.A., & Dorfman, J. (1996). Initimations of memory and thought. In L. Reder (Ed.), Implicit memory and metacognition (pp. 1-23). Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum.

• Gaertner, Sedikides, & Graetz (1999). In search of self-definition: Motivational primacy of the individual self, motivational primacy of the collective self, or contextual primacy? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 76(1), Jan 1999. pp. 5-18.
• The TAA paradigm developed by Jemmont, Ditto, & Croyle that gives people feedback about their results from a test for an enzyme deficiency. See Taylor & Shepperd, PSPB, 1998.
• Cattell's test of "G"- the embedded figures task.
• The Dental Admissions Test (American Dental Association) which is comprised of items that show an unfolded figure with four folded figures and requires the test taker to choose one of the four folded figures that would be formed if the unfolded figure was in fact folded. 
• Schultheiss & Brunstein (2000), Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 269-277. On this task, participants have to find a series of digits that are embedded within a grid of numbers. 
• Pate (1988), International Journal of Management, 5(2), 180-187.
• Raven's Progressive Matrices. See Alicke, LoSchiavo, Zerbst, & Zhang (1997), JPSP, 73, 781-789.
• Tests of aesthetic ability in which participants have to judge which of a pair of paintings is better (the "correct" answer is determined by art experts). See Klein (1997), JPSP, 72, 763-774.
• Insight problems and lateral thinking problems. See Metcalfe (1986), Journal of Experimenatal Psychology:LMC, 12, 623-634.

• Elinor Ostrom has written extensively in this area: http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/people/homepages/ostrom.html.
• Vohs, Kathleen D.; Schooler, Jonathan W. (2008). The value of believing in free will: Encouraging a belief in determinism increases cheating. Psychological Science, Vol 19(1), pp. 49-54.
• Vargas, Von Hippel, & Petty. (2004). Using partially structured attitude measures to enhance the attitude-behavior relationship. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 197-211 (anagram task)
• Von Hippel, Lakin, & Shakarchi (2005). Individual differences in motivated social cognition: The case of self-serving information processing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1347-1357.
• Muraven, Pogarsky, & Shmueli. (2006). Self-control Depletion and the General Theory of Crime. Journal of Quant Criminology, 22, 263-277.
• Mazar & Ariely (2006). Dishonesty in everyday life and its policy implications. American Marketing Association, 25, 117-126.
• Diener and Wallbom, 1976, the measure was whether people continued to work on a timed test after the timer went off.
• Wilson & Lassiter (1982). Increasing Intrinsic Interest with Superfluous Extrinsic Constraints. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 811-819. (see Study 2)
• Jerald Greenberg's lab research on justice and stealing. E.g.: Stealing in the name of justice: Informational and interpersonal moderators of theft reactions to underpayment inequity. Greenberg, Jerald; Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol 54(1), Feb 1993. pp. 81-103.
• Behavioral Game Theory: Colin Camerer, http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~camerer/camerer.html
• For a variation on Hartshorne & May's circles task, see: Randolph-Seng, B., & Nielsen, M. E. (2007). Honesty: One effect of primed religious representations. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 17, 303-315.

• Remember 9 digits - Note this is hard to control even in a controlled experiment. You don't know if or when people have committed it to memory, or how they are responding to the request.
• Rich Petty's master thesis (Petty, Wells, & Brock, 1976) had lights flash in four quadrants around a computer screen. Participants had to report when the light flashed in one quadrant (but had to attend to all flashes.
• Knowles & Condon (1999) used an on-line task. Different sounds emitted at irregular intervals. Participants had to push a key when the sound was a "piano" rather than some other stringed instrument. The piano played rarely, but participants had to attend to each note. The advantage of these cognitively on-line manipulations is that you can measure the participant's accuracy at the distraction task.
• Manipulating time pressure might be an alternative to manipulating cognitive load. A natural manipulation check, then, is the time participants actually take to do a task or to provide a response. Objective time pressure: involves a clock;  Subjective time pressure: "go as fast as you can!"
• Have participants listen to a music recording and have some participants pay close attention to specific words in the song (e.g., the number of occurrences of the word "time"; other participants simply listen to the music but are not given any special listening instructions) while completing another task.
• Cover story: "We are interested in what some psychologists refer to as internal rhythm. A person's internal rhythm is his or her capacity to generate evenly-spaced beats in their heads. While you look at the following stimuli, we would like you to place your index finger on the number 5. Once the next screen appears, we would like to you to hit the number 5 immediately, count to 5 seconds, and then hit it again. We would like for you to continue doing this until the next screen appears." To motivate them to actually do this task (the computer does not actually record anything), you can offer to put anyone who completes the task reasonably well into a raffle (and in fact put everyone in the raffle), or you can tell them that they will be given feedback on their internal rhythm.
• blurred text/font
• In high load conditions have them also play a game of cyberball (rigged of course so that they each have equal turns at passing and catching). Cyberball:http://www2.psych.purdue.edu/~kip/Announce/cyberball.htm
• Skitka et al. (JPSP, 2002) -- involves tracking sequential tones (very distracting and even frustrating for participants)
• Count the number of times particular words appear in a text i.e., "a" and "the", as they are reading stimuli or count the number of times a particular letter appears while reading text.

see also Working Memory

• Display the number to memorize in a pop-up window which then closes itself. Have it check the referring page before displaying the number, so that if a subject manages to ferret the address out from their history and go there directly, it won't display.
• Since many people now have pop-up blockers, another way to do it is to use javascript to direct the current window to the number display page, then back again, and then forward to the next page in the experiment. This effectively deletes the display page from their trail so they can't go "back" to it.
• Display the number in a textarea field. Use javascript to write to it, and then write over it with blanks so that if the subject uses the back button, all they'll see is a blank field.
• Don't hard-code the number. Randomly generate it so that even if someone manages to get the page back, they'll get a different number. Just remember to have it written to your database so you know what number they got!
• Generate a number-image to prevent cut-and-paste. (But then, they could just write it down on a piece of paper.)
• We used a little java applett to do a version of the 2 back test... numbers are presented every second, and they have to hit the space bar if the number they are seeing now is the same as the number that appeared 2 digits previously. The only drawbacks to this is that P's have to have their browsers configured to accept java (most do, but not all), and you have to have someone who can program some java, or at least javascript (confusingly enough, not the same thing).
• Disabling the 'back button' is a straightforward programming issue. You are than left with the possibility of respondents re-entering the research site from another window to take a second peep at the numbers, but that can be easily controlled for by recording IP addresses and log-on times of hits to your site, and than weeding outs those who re-entered
• PsychData, for one, will not allow participants to return to a previous page within an experiment. http://www.psychdata.com/default.asp (Of course, that wouldn't stop them writing it down.)

• Serling, D. A., and Betz, N.E. (1990). Development and evaluation of a measure of fear of commitment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37, 91-97.
• Maslach's "individuation scale", which assesses people's willingness to publicly commit to issues/actions. Maslach, C., Stapp, J., & Santee, R. T. (1985). Individuation: conceptual analysis and assessment. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 49, 729-738.
• A measure of judgmental self-doubt (given that, if you do not trust your own judgment, you may also have trouble committing). Mirels, H. L., Greblo, P., and Dean, J. B. (2002). Judgmental self-doubt: beliefs about one's judgmental prowess. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 741-758.
• Personal fear of invalidity, needs for structure or closure, or other scales from the epistemic motives area (e.g., 1990s work by Kruglanski, Neuberg et al., Thompson et al.). Or the opposite fear of leaving things ambiguous and open- ended.
  

Other more general sources suggested:

• Phil Brickman's "Commitment, conflict, and caring" (1989) book
• The attachment literature
• Searching for antonyms (e.g., assertiveness, decision-making style).

• Ryckman, Richard M., Hammer, Max, Kaczor, Linda M. Gold, Joel A. Construction of a Hypercompetitive Attitude Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol 55(3-4), Win 1990. pp. 630-639.
• Achievement Motivation Scale -  Cassidy, T., & Lynn, R. (1989). A multifactorial approach to achievement motivation: The development of a comprehensive measure. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62, 301-312.  It includes subscales associated with competitiveness, dominance, status, achievement orientation.
• Social Value Orientation measure classifies participants into types (cooperator, competitor, individualist). May prefer the longer 24-item version because the 9-item version is obvious in what its getting at and produces less competitors (10-15%) than the longer versions. Here is the reference for the longer version: Liebrand, W. B. (1984).  The effect of social motives, communication and group size on Behavior in a N person multi stage mixed motive game. European Journal of Social Psychology, 14, 239 264.
• Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994).  Social dominance orientation: A personality variable relating to social roles and intergroup relations.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 741-763.
• Power measure by Winter:  Winter, D. G. (1973). The power motive. Free Press, New York; see also the n Power scoring featured in his integrated scoring system for running text [available from the author: dgwinter@umich.edu ] winter d g (1994 manual scoring motive imagery in running text 4 ed unpublished manuscript department psychology university of michigan ann arbor) n power represents an implicit need for having impact on others and dominating them
• The Jenkins Activity Survey has a competitiveness scale. Go to: http://www.cps.nova.edu/~cpphelp/JAS.html (this is a scale you have to purchase via a publisher).

• The Need for Uniqueness Scale http://www.outofservice.com/freak/ (check on PSYCHINFO for citation information)
• Mehrabian, A. & Stefl, C.A. (1995). Basic temperament of loneliness, shyness, and conformity. Social Behavior and Personality, 23, 253-264.  see http://www.kaaj.com/psych/scales/conform.html for scale items and  a manual about the scale.

• Fenigstein, Sheier, & Buss (1975, J. Con. Clin. Psy., 43, 522-527)- self-consciousness scales. Individuals high in private self-consciousness (PSC; one of the three subscales), have an increased likelihood of engaging in morally acceptable behaviors and avoiding the temptation to engage in morally unacceptable behaviors
• Prosocial self-regulation questionnaire (SRQ-P):  http://www.psych.rochester.edu/SDT/measures/selfreg.html

Consumer Confidence/Social Mood

• This guide is for students looking for measures of consumer attitudes and customer satisfaction. It includes sources for opinion polls and consumer complaint statistics as well as the Consumer Confidence Index (CCI) and the Consumer Sentiment Index (CSI), two leading economic indicators which focus on customer perceptions of general economic and business conditions. http://www.pace.edu/page.cfm?doc_id=24550
• The Nation’s Mood” is Gallup Poll responses to the question “In general, are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the way things are going in the United States at this time?” The Gallup data goes back to 1979 and is available at http://www.gallup.com/poll/1669/General-Mood-Country.aspx

Control (e.g., desire for, need for, self-control)

• Paulhus, D.L., & Van Selst, M. (1990). The Spheres of Control scale: Ten years of research. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 1029-1036. Looks at three levels or content areas that people try to control: Personal Efficacy, Interpersonal Control, and at the macro-scale, Sociopolitical Control.  http://neuron4.psych.ubc.ca/~dpaulhus/research/SOC/soc3.txt
• Burger, J. M. (1992). Desire for Control: Personality, Social and Clinical Perspectives. New York: Plenum.
• Burger, J. M., & Cooper, H. M. (1979). The desirability of control. Motivation and Emotion, 3, 381-393.
• Burger, J. M., and Hemans, L. T. (1988). Desire for control and the use of attribution processes. Journal of Personality, 56, 531-546.
• Zuckerman, M., Knee, C. R., Kieffer, S. C., & Gagne, M. (2004). What individuals believe they can and cannot do: Explorations of realistic and unrealistic control beliefs. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82, 215-232.
• Budner, S. (1962). Intolerance of ambiguity as a personality variable. Journal of Personality, 30 29-50.
• Shapiro Control Inventory (SCI, Shapiro, 1992). The Shapiro Control Inventory (SCI) has 187 items and 9 scales (overall, positive, negative, domain- specific, positive assertive, positive yielding, negative assertive, negative yielding, and desire for control).
• Drake, R. A., & Crow, L. T. (1989). A role for hemispheric asymmetry in human behavioral variability. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science, 24, 43-49. (includes a  a simple neurobiological manipulation to increase or decrease desire for control)
• Self-Control Scale - Tangney, J.P., Baumeister, R.F., & Boone, A.L. (2004). High Self-Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal Success. Journal of Personality, 72, 271-322.
• Morling, B., & Fiske, S. T. (1999). Defining and measuring harmony control. Journal of Research in Personality, 33, 379-414.


see also Locus of Control

• Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1994). Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: recent developments and applications. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 19(4), 313-333.
• Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1989). Salivary cortisol in psycho-biological research: An overview. Neuropsychobiology, 22, 150-169
• http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/Research/Allostatic/notebook/challenge.html#Sampling

• The MPQ Alienation Sub-Scale - Differential convergence of self-report and informant data for Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire traits: Implications for the construct of negative emotionality. Harkness, Allan R.; Tellegen, Auke; Waller, Niels; Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol 64(1), Feb 1995. pp. 185-204.
• Maslach Burnout Inventory - Maslach & Jackson (1981) The measurement of experienced burn-out, Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 2, pp. 99-113. (http://www.jstor.org/journals/01422774.html)
• Construct validity and sex differences in Cook-Medley Hostility. Greenglass, Esther R.; Julkunen, Juhani; Personality and Individual Differences, Vol 10(2), 1989. pp. 209-218.

• Kanter & Mirvis (1989) The Cynical Americans. (scale in their book)
• Andersson & Bateman (1997) Cynicism in the Workplace, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 449-469.
• Dean, Brandes, & Dharwdker (1998). Academy of Management Review, 23, 341-352.
• Machiavellianism Scale (IV) in Studies in Machiavellianism.
• Reciprocation wariness: Lynch et al (1999). Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 467-437.
• Hostility: Cook & Medly (1954). Hostility scale, Journal of Applied Psychology, 38, 414-418.  

• Radloff, L.S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
• Beck Depression Inventory. E.g., The underlying structure of the Beck Depression Inventory II: A multidimensional scaling approach. Cohen, Arie; Journal of Research in Personality, Vol 42(3), Jun 2008. pp. 779-786.


see also Psychological Well-being

Disability (Attitudes toward)

• Yuker, H.E. (1988).  Attitudes toward persons with disabilities. New York, NY, US: Springer Publishing Co.

Doctors (Attitudes of)  

• Ashworth, C. D., Williamson, P., & Montano, D. (1984). A scale to measure beliefs about psychosocial aspects of patient care. Social Science in Medicine, 19, 1235-1238.

• National Election Studies Egalitarianism scale (Biased toward egalitarianism). See Feldman, Amer J of Political Science, 1988.
• Dake and Wildavsky worldviews scale as cited in Peters, E. and P. Slovic (1996). "The role of affect and worldviews as orienting dispositions in the perception and acceptance of nuclear power." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 26(16): 1427-1453.
• King & King (1993) Sex Role Egalitarianism Scale
• Bruce M. Meglino, "Comparative Emphasis Scale." From the website: The Comparative Emphasis Scale (CES) is a copyrighted instrument (but free with certain qualifications for academic research) that is designed to measure four general values that have been shown to be operative in the workplace: achievement/working hard, concern for others/helping others, fairness, and honesty/integrity. http://mooreschool.sc.edu/moore/mgmt/MgmtFacHomePages.htm/Meglino-Use-of-CompAnaly-Scale.html
• Triandis, H. C. (1996). The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes. American Psychologist, 51, 407-415. Describes cultural orientation which is the result of crossing Low power-distance with high collectivism: horizontal collectivism. 
• Shalom Schwartz's studies on values. (E.g., Schwartz, S. H. & Ross, M. (1995). Values in the West: A theoretical and empirical challenge to the individualism-collectivism cultural dimension. World Psychology, 1, 91-122.).
• Norm Feather (1994) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
• Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: Free Press.

• Vescio, T. used the Katz & Hatz scales (Egalitarian and Protestant Work Ethic). (A "true" egalitarian could be defined as those who most strongly endorse egalitarianism and who are low in Protestant Work Ethic.)
• Van Lange, Otten, De Bruin, and Joireman (1997, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology). Prosocial orientation involves the tendency to pursue two (empirically correlated) goals: (a) maximize the well-being, or outcomes of self and others (cooperation), and (b) maximize equality in outcomes (Egalitarianism; see Van Lange, 1999, JPSP).
• Sidanius, J. Social Dominance Theory: A number of his studies have compared hierarchy-enhancing and hierarchy-attenuating jobs, professions, and college majors. While it may be a confound, students majoring in social work, defense, law, multicultural studies, and the like might be chronic egalitarians.
• Monin and Miller, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology article from 2000/2001. Threatens gender equality based self with a questionnaire.

• Westermann, R., Spies, K., Stahl, G., & Hesse, F. W. (1996). Relative effectiveness and validity of mood induction procedures: a meta analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 557-580.
• Rottenberg, J., Ray, R. D., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Emotion elicitation using films. In: J. A. Coan & J. J. B. Allen (Eds.), The handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment. London: Oxford University Press. 
  • on-line Films: Amputation Film;   Sticks Film
  • see chapter for more emotions, including amusement, anger, disgust, fear, neutral, sadness, and surprise.
• Rottenberg, J., Salomon, K., Gross, J.J., & Gotlib, I.H. (2005). Vagal withdrawal to a sad film predicts recovery from depression. Psychophysiology, 42, 277-281.
• B. Gross & J. Levenson film series (use PSYCHINFO to find article)
• International Affective Picture System (IAPS): NIMH's Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention has a "Media Center" with access to affective pictures, digital sounds and words, including the commonly used IAPS - http://csea.phhp.ufl.edu/Media.html
  • Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, (1995). International affective picture system (IAPS): Technical manual and affective ratings. Gainesville, FL. The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida
  • Ito, T.A., Cacioppo, J.T., & Lang, P.J. (1998). Eliciting affect using the International Affective Picture System: Bivariate evaluation and ambivalence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 856-879.
  • for a comprehensive list of articles produced by the Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, see http://csea.phhp.ufl.edu/publications.html
  • Muhlenberg Students Only: Note that Dr. Edelman has a copy of this.
• Coats and Feldman (1996) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
• Levy, J. (1976). Lateral dominance and aesthetic preference. Neuropsychologia, 14, 445.
• Beaumont, J. G. (1985). Lateral organization and aesthetic preference: The importance of peripheral visual asymmetries. Neuropsychologia, 23, 113.
• Drake, R. A. (1987). Effects of gaze manipulation on aesthetic judgments: Hemisphere priming of affect. Acta Psychologica, 65, 99.
• McFarland, R. A., & Kennison, R. F. (1988). Asymmetrical effects of music upon spatial-sequential learning. Journal of General Psychology, 115, 263-272.
• Merckelbach, H., & van Oppen, P. (1989). Effects of gaze manipulation on subjective evaluation of neutral and phobia-relevant stimuli. Acta Psychologica, 70, 147-151.
• Rodway, P., Wright. L., & Hardie, S. (2003). The valence-specific laterality effect in free viewing conditions: The influence of sex, handedness, and response bias. Brain and Cognition, 53, 452-463.

• Fox, N. A., & Davidson, R. J. (1987). Electroencephalogram asymmetry in response to the approach of a stranger and maternal separation in 10 & 20 month old infants. Developmental Psychology, 23, 240.
• Altenmuller, E., Schurmann, K., Lim, V. K., & Parlitz, D. (2002).  Hits to the left, flops to the right: Different emotions during  listening to music are reflected in cortical lateralisation patterns.  Neuropsychologia, 40, 2242-2256.

• Chinese pictographs (neutral stimuli for those unfamiliar with them) are commonly used to measure a participant's emotional state in a non-obvious way. People experiencing positive emotion will tend to guess that a pictograph represents a more positive word than those experiencing negative emotion. Pictographs can be found in the downloads section of this website: www.unc.edu/~bkpayne/
• Projective tests. Example of use: Barclay & Haber (cited in Dutton & Aron, 1974 JPSP) 
• Rusting, C.L., & Larsen, L.J. (1998). Personality and cognitive processing of affective information. Personality and Social  Psychology Bulletin, 24, 200-213.
• Tesser, A., Millar, M., & Moore, J. (1988). Some affective consequences of social comparison and reflection processes: The pain and pleasure of being close. JPSP, 54, 49-61.
• Weinberger, 1992; Weinberger et al. 1998; Siegel & Weinberger, 1998. 
• GSR (Galvanic Skin Response), EMG (obtaining zygomatic and corrugator activity), startle amplitude (orbicularis occuli) responses, startle eyeblink response (Lang), facial electromyograms (Caccioppo)
• Emotional Stroop task (e.g., Williams, Mathews & MacLeod, 1996)
• The FACS coding system (coding of facial expressions; Ekman)
• "Endurance Time" (e.g., time spent doing an interesting vs. boring task)
• Selection of words. Ss are told that a computer will flash a word at subliminal speed and that they should circle the word they thought they saw from a number of choices -- one choice is an emotion word and the others are similar-sounding neutral words (Experiment 5 in Twenge, Catanese, &  Baumeister, 2003, JPSP, November).
• Projection onto music (listen to a piece of music, and say how sad or happy it is.)
• Mayer & Hanson (1995). Mood-congruent judgment over time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 237-244.
• Word fragments in which the stimulus could be completed with an affect-related word or not (e.g p _ d can be completed as proud or pried or plied)
• Word fluency tasks -- a word is presented and associates are asked for. You then code for the relative proportions of emotion related words generated between your various subject groups.
• Arm flexion/extension strength. Presumably this is mediated by their associations with approach and avoidance.
• Marking a line right ----------|------of center may represent approach emotions, including liking and anger. Marks to the left correlate with withdrawal like sad or anxious.
• Implicit Association Test (IAT)
• Subjects count backwards from 100. Sad mood is thought to cause slower counting.
• Videotape subjects and have judges rate how they appear.
• Neutral objects, such as a book-light, are given higher monetary values as a function of certain moods induced prior to presenting the objects (Higgins).

• Mulvaney, Tobias, Tobis (2000). The Emotional Unconscious. In Eich, Kihlstrom, Bower, Forgas & Niedenthal (Eds) Cognition And Emotion (pp.30-86). New York, Oxford University Press. SUMMARY of chapter http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~kihlstrm/apa98a.htm
• Fazio & Olson (2003). Implicit Measures In Social Cognition Research Their Meaning And Use. Annual Review Of Psychology, 54 297-327
• De Hower, Crombez, Baeyens & Hermans (2001) On Generality Of The Affective Simon Effect. Cognition And Emotion 15, 189-206
• Fazio, Jackson, Bridget, Dunton & Williams,(1995) Variability In Automatic Activation As An Unobtrusive Measure Racial Attitudes A Bona Fide Pipeline? Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 69 , 1013-1027
• Murphy, Zajonc (1993). Affect Cognition Awareness: Affective Priming With Suboptimal Stimulus Exposures. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology 64 723-739.
• Handbook Of Measurement: A Multimethod Perspective. Washington DC, American Psychological Association.
• Larsen R J & Fredrickson B L (1999). Measurement Issues Emotion Research. In D Kahneman E Diener and N Schwarz (Eds), Well-being: The Foundations Of Hedonic Psychology. New York, Russell Sage Foundation.
• The Handbook Of Methods In Social Psychology (pp 195-212). Thousand Oaks CA, Sage
• Winkielman, Berridge. Unconscious Emotion. Current Directions In Psychological Science Vol 13(3) Jun 2004, 120-123

• Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale (PANAS)- very commonly used. For information about the scale, and the scale itself (free to use) see: http://stressandhealth.stanford.edu/measures/PANAS.html. Also, a manual for administering/coding the PANAS can be downloaded at this link (PDF): http://www.psychology.uiowa.edu/Faculty/Clark/PANAS-X.pdf.
• Multiple Affect Adjective Check List Revised (MAACL-R ) - the MAACL is another very commonly used scale. Originally designed by Marvin Zukerman and Bernard Lubin. Trait and state versions are now available. Meaures anxiety, hostility, depressed mood, positive affect and sensation-seeking. Available for purchase (25 forms for $12, 100 forms for $45). See this page for more information on the scale, and the order form link is at the bottom of the page. http://www.edits.net/MAACL-R-sc.html.
• Display Rule Assessment Inventory (DRAI): Norms for Emotion Displays in Four Social Settings. Note: the three versions of this scale are copyright protected. Contact Dr. Matsumoto for permissions. http://www.davidmatsumoto.info/Research_Tools/drai.htm.
• Job Related Affective Well-Being Scale (JAWS). Van Katwyk, P. T., Fox, S. Spector, P. E., & Kelloway, E. K. (2000)
• Feelings Scale. In: Schimmack, U., & Grob, A. (2000). Dimensional models of core affect: A quantitative comparison by means of structural equation modeling. European Journal of Personality, 14, 325-345.
• Job Affect Scale von Burke, Brief, George, Roberson, & Webster (1989). Measuring affect at work: confirmatory analysis of competing mood structures with conceptual linkage to cortical regulatory systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1091-1102.
• The Differential Emotions State. (A method for Measuring the Subjective Experience of Discrete Emotions)  The Psychology of Emotions by Carroll Ellis Izard - 1991.
  

see also Mood

Emotional Intelligence

• Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations: This website describes several ways of measuring emotional intelligence: http://www.eiconsortium.org/measures/measures.html. (See "Measures" on the sidebar menu on the left side of the screen.)
  
  Primary references on emotional intelligence:
  

• Mayer, J. D. & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. Sluyter (Eds). Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Implications for Educators (pp. 3-31). New York: Basic Books.
• Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D., & Salovey, P. (1999). Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27, 267-298.
• Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2000). Models of emotional intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.). Handbook of Intelligence (pp. 396-420). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• Two chapters by Mayer and colleagues that are included in Baron and Parker's, “Handbook of Emotional Intelligence."  

• Mehrabian, A. & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40, 525-543.
• Measurement of empathy with the Hogan Empathy Scale. Cross, Darryl G.; Sharpley, C. F.; Psychological Reports, Vol 50(1), Feb 1982. pp. 62.
• Davis, Mark H. Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology. Vol 44(1), Jan 1983, 113-126
• Rest's Defining Issues Test: Rest, J. R., Narvaez, D., Thoma, S. J., & Bebeau, M. J. (1999). DIT2: Devising and testing a revised instrument of moral judgment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 644–659.
• Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory: An item factor analysis of the revised Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory. Cramer, Duncan; British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, Vol 14(3), Sep 1986. pp. 314-325.

Ethnic Identity

see Racial/Ethnic Identity





Faces/People

Photographs of people to use as study stimuli

• The Productive Aging Laboratory has sets of faces of males and females of various races between the ages of 18-29, 30-49, 50-69, and 70-94. For each person, there are three different photos: 1 smiling, 1 with a neutral expression, and 1 profile. You can find the database by clicking on "Face Database" in the site content menu at http://agingmind.utdallas.edu/.You have to request a login to be able to download the collections. Citation: Minear, M. & Park, D. (2004). A lifespan database of adult facial stimuli. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 36, 630-633. This article is available for download at the above website.
• The AR Face Database:  This face database was created by Aleix Martinez and Robert Benavente in the Computer Vision Center (CVC) at the U.A.B. It contains over 4,000 color images corresponding to 126 people's faces (70 men and 56 women). Images feature frontal view faces with different facial expressions, illumination conditions, and occlusions (sun glasses and scarf).  http://cobweb.ecn.purdue.edu/~aleix/aleix_face_DB.html
• NIST Facial Recognition Technology Database: There is a database that has a wide variety of pictures of faces in color and grayscale. To get the database (it is owned by a government agency, the National Institute of Standards and Technology), you have to agree to the terms of use, then send an email requesting a free account. Note: the database you'll be downloading is 8.5 GB (it is possible to download it via 6 different files), there are no preview pictures available, and the facial expressions are not rated or categorized in any way. Be sure to read more on the FAQ page. http://face.nist.gov/colorferet/
• Research Network on Early Experience and Brain Development has a database of 646 facial expressions (incl. neutral, happy, sad) displayed by models of various genders and races. It is available as a free download for researchers upon request. See the website for more information about the terms of use: http://www.macbrain.org/resources.htm
• MSFDE: Montreal Set of Facial Display of Emotion from Ursula Hess's Social Psychophysiology Laboratory. See this website for examples, the terms of use and the download request form: http://www.psychophysiolab.com/en/download.php
• Academic Facial Attributes Catalogue for Experiments. This is a searchable database. Visit the website for the terms of use and to request a password for access: http://www.psy.uq.edu.au/a-face
• CVL Face Database:  Features 114 persons, mostly around 18 (students and some professors), mostly male (around 90%). Images include side view, several rotating shots, then face view.  http://www.lrv.fri.uni-lj.si/facedb.html
• Brain Nosek website offers sets of IAT stimuli, including faces of different ages, races and weights. Visit the website to see the terms of use, the proper citation, and to download the stimuli: http://projectimplicit.net/nosek/stimuli/
• Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Affect (DANVA2): Sets of facial expressions and voices for children, adults and African-Americans ($75). The DANVA2 faces have high and low intensity happy, sad, angry, and fearful expressions. You can view the faces for free by taking the on-line test (enter anything for login and password). A copy of any (or all) sets, including all necessary programs for web-posting and automatic data collection, instructions, and installation help can be purchased for research for a one-time fee by check of $75. See this website for more information: http://www.psychology.emory.edu/clinical/interpersonal/danva.htm
• Psychological Image Collection at Stirling - faces and objects useful for psychological research. You can search for faces by gender, angle (front, profile), attractiveness ratings, distinctiveness ratings and facial expressions. http://pics.psych.stir.ac.uk/
• istockphoto.com - A large selection of royalty free searchable photos. Note - you do have to pay once for the use of the photographs, but they are relatively inexpensive ($1 - $20 per photo). http://www.istockphoto.com/index.php

• Face Filter - $60** software package: http://www.reallusion.com/facefilter/ A trial copy is available for download. For details on features: http://www.reallusion.com/facefilter/ffs_features.asp. **An educational discount may (or may not) be available. See: http://www.reallusion.com/education/contact.asp.
• Freeware: GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP). http://www.gimp.org/
• FantaMorph - morphing software ($30-$100). http://www.fantamorph.com/
• MagicMorph - shareware (free to try; $30 to own). http://www.download.com/Magic-Morph/3000-2186_4-10179315.html?hhTest=1
• Morphases - this appears to be a free, on-line program that allows you to create a face. The program itself is called the Morphases Editor. Note: there are known problems using this program with Netscape or Firefox. www.morphases.com
• Freeware: Morpher. This program morphs one photograph into another: http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~FX6M-FJMY/mop00e.html
• For additional links, information, background, on-line experiments and ideas, visit http://www.beautycheck.de and click on the British flag for the English version of the site.

• Deutsch & Krauss's trucking game (1960, J. of Abnormal and Social Psych, 61, 181-189).
• Backjack, poker, etc.
• Altruistic punishment in humans. Fehr, Ernst; Gächter, Simon; Nature, Vol 415(6868), Jan 2002. pp. 137-140. (People play against computer confederates, but think they're playing with 3 other people. There is a minimal chat function controlled by the experimenter.)
• Cyberball -- http://www2.psych.purdue.edu/~kip/Announce/cyberball.htm
• Quake III Arena - use it's virtual environments in psychological experimenting in general (e.g., to assess behavior of romantic couples). Andreas Frey (Computers in Human Behavior)
• Prisoner's dilemma, e.g., Jones B, Steele M, Gahagan J, Tedeschi J. (1968) Matrix values and cooperative behavior in the Prisoner's Dilemma game. J Pers Soc Psychol. 148-53.
  • on-line version: http://www.iterated-prisoners-dilemma.net/
• Find links to interactive Flash puzzle games at  www.jayisgames.com.  Example, "Grow"  http://www.eyezmaze.com/grow/v3/index.html .
• See these articles for ideas:
  • Gaertner et al. (2006).  Us without them: Evidence for an intragroup origin of positive in-group regard. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 426-439.
  • Gaertner & Schopler (1998). Perceived ingroup entitativity and intergroup bias:  An interconnection of self and others. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 963-980.
• Programming various types of games- See  "z-tree"  at  http://www.iew.unizh.ch/ztree/index.php.  It can be used for a wide range of possible experiments such as public good experiments, structured bargaining experiments or markets - including double auctions and Dutch auctions.

see also Cheating Manipulations



Group Performance Manipulations

• Kip Williams cyberball game    http://www2.psych.purdue.edu/~kip/Announce/cyberball.htm
• Kelley, Holmes, Kerr, Reis, Rusbult & Van Lange (2003). An Atlas Of Interpersonal Situations. New York NY: Cambridge University Press

• Snell, W. E., Jr. (1989). Development and validation of the Masculine Behavior Scale: A measure of behaviors stereotypically attributed to males vs. females. Sex Roles, 21, 749-767
• Expanded Personal Attributes Questionnaire (EPAQ).  Spence, J.T., Helmreich, R.L., & Holahan, C.K. (1979). Negative and positive components of psychological masculinity and femininity and their relationships to self-reports of neurotic and acting out behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1673-1644.  Also see http://www.yorku.ca/rokada/psyctest/
• Attitudes Toward Women Scale -Spence, Helmreich & Stapp, 1973 - see http://www.yorku.ca/rokada/psyctest/
• Bem Sex Role Inventory - This is a copyright protected scale. To order: http://www.mindgarden.com/products/bemss.htm
• Assessing multiple facets of gender identity: The Gender Identity Questionnaire. Willemsen, Tineke M.; Fischer, Agneta H.; Psychological Reports, Vol 84(2), Apr 1999. pp. 561-562.
• Zucker et al. (2006). The Recalled Childhood Gender Identity/Gender Role Questionnaire: Psychometric properties. Sex Roles, Vol 54(7-8), 469-483.
• Johnson, et al. (2004). A Parent-Report Gender Identity Questionnaire for Children. Archives of Sexual Behavior, Vol 33(2), 105-116.
• Chuck Hill - Multiple Identities Questionnaire. Contact: chill@whittier.edu. Vita: http://web.whittier.edu/chill/CTHvita.html
  
  

Guilt (& Shame)

• Interpersonal Guilt Questionnaire (IGQ-67) (O'Connor, Berry, Weiss, Sampson & Bush, 1997; O'Connor, Berry, & Weiss, 1999, O'Connor, Berry, Weiss & Gilbert, 2002)
• Implicit guilt - Dacher Keltner's work in a 1997 book edited by Ekman and titled "What the face reveals: basic and applied studies of spontaneous expression using the facial action coding system."
• Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Shame and guilt. New York: Guilford Press.
• Tangney, Wagner, & Gramzow's (1989) Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA), and the more updated TOSCA-3 (Tangney, Dearing, Wagner, & Gramzow, 2000)

• Verplanken, B., & Orbell, S. (2003). Reflections on past behavior: A self-report index of habit strength. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 1313-1330.

• Diener, E., Emmons, R.A., Larsen, R.J. & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Measurement, 49, 71-75. www.psych.uiuc.edu/~ediener (See "Research Information" link on left hand side of page.)
• Myers, David. American Psychologist (January, 2000)
• Global Happiness Item  -Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago: Alpine. -1 item
• Delighted-Terrible scale (Andrews & Withey, 1976). 
• Subjective Happiness Scale - Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46, 137-155. For more information and to download the 4 item scale, see http://www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/ppquestionnaires.htm#SHS.
  
  see also Psychological Well-Being and Positive Psychology

• Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP II): Walker, S.N., Sechrist, K. R., & Pender, N.J. (1986). The Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile: Development and Psychometric Characteristics. Nursing Research, 36 (2), 76- 81. and  Pender, N.J., Walker, S.N., Sechrist, K.R., & Frank-Stromborg, M. (1990). Predicting health-promoting lifestyles in the workplace. Nursing Research. 39, 326-332.
• Kulbok, P.A., Carter, K.F., Baldwin,J.H., Gilmartin, M.G., & Kirkwood, B. (1999). The Multidimensional Health Behavior Inventory. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 7, 177-195.
• Snell, W.E., & Johnson, G. (1997). The Multidimensional Health Questionnaire. American Journal of Health Behavior, 21, 33-42.

Measures of Physical Health

• A variety of general (and more specific) health scoring instruments are available for "reduced fees" to academic researchers. You must request information to learn about licensing fees. See: http://www.qualitymetric.com/products/sfsurveys.aspx . Demonstrations of the surveys are available: http://www.qualitymetric.com/demos/.
• 36 Item Short Form Health Survey, from RAND. Available free of charge, but see terms and conditions for use. http://www.rand.org/health/surveys/sf36item/
• Pennebaker Inventory of Limbic Languidness (PILL)
• De Groot, V., Beckerman, H., Lankhorst, G., & Bouter, L. M. (2003). How to measure comorbidity: A critical review of available methods.  Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 56, 221-229.

Hormones


See cortisol samples

Hostility

• Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-R (MAACL-R) - http://www.edits.net/MAACL-R-sc.html
  • Zuckerman & Lubin PDF: www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1990/A1990DQ40300001.pdf
• What does the Cook-Medley hostiliy scale measure? In search of an adequate measurement model. Contrada, Richard J.; Jussim, Lee; Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol 22(8), Apr 1992. pp. 615-627.

Identity/Identification

• Chuck Hill - Multiple Identities Questionnaire. Contact: chill@whittier.edu.  Vita: http://web.whittier.edu/chill/CTHvita.html
• Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal Scale. This scale is used to examine the extent to which individuals define the self in terms of close others.
  • Cross, S. E., Bacon, P., & Morris, M. (2000). The relational-interdependent self-construal and relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 791-808.
• Aspects of Identity Questionnaire IV: scales for Personal, Relational, Social, and Collective Identity Orientations - http://www.wellesley.edu/Psychology/Cheek/identity.html
• Collective Self-Esteem Scale.  Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R.K., Blaine, B. & Broadnax, S. (1994). Collective self-esteem and psychological well-being among Black, White and Asian college students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 503-513. http://www.rcgd.isr.umich.edu/crockerlab/measures.htm  (Consider especially the identity importance subscale.)
• Conceptualizing social identity: A new framework and evidence for the impact of different dimensions. Jackson, Jay W.; Smith, Eliot R.; Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol 25(1), Jan 1999. pp. 120-135.
• Consider variations in the overlapping-circles measure.  Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Aron, Arthur; Aron, Elaine N.; Smollan, Danny; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 63(4), Oct 1992. pp. 596-612.
• Reference Reading: Ashmore, R. D., Deaux, K. & McLaughlin-Volpe, T. (2004). An organizing framework for collective identity: Articulation and significance of multidimensionality. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 80-114.

see also Racial/Ethnic Identity

see also Individualism/Collectivism

Individualism vs.  Collectivism (Communal & Agentic Orientations, Independent vs. Interdependent)

• Individualism-Collectivism Interpersonal Assessment Inventory (ICIAI) - by Dr. David Matsumoto. Note, be sure to read the "Memorandum of Understanding" carefully for terms of use. http://www.davidmatsumoto.info/Research_Tools/iciai.htm.
• A list of measures used in Culture and the Self research, including reliability and relevant citations; Daphna Oyserman. http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/culture.self/measures.
• Aspects of Identity Questionnaire IV:  scales for Personal, Relational, Social, and Collective Identity Orientations - http://www.wellesley.edu/Psychology/Cheek/identity.html
• Nario-Redmond, M. R., Biernat, M., Eidelman, S., & Palenske, D. J. (2004).The Social and Personal Identities scale: A measure of the differential importance ascribed to social and personal self-categorizations. Self and Identity, 3, 143-175.
• Singelis, T. M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 580-591.
• Triandis, H. C. (1996). The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes. American Psychologist, 51, 407-415.
• Triandis, H. C., Gelfand, M. J. (1998). Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74, 118-128.
• Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Aron, Arthur; Aron, Elaine N.; Smollan, Danny; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 63(4), Oct 1992. pp. 596-612.
• Subscale of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire: This is a copyright protected scale. For information go to http://www.mindgarden.com/products/mlq.htm, for ordering information go to the MLQ for survey research page.
• Schwartz's Value Scale. Schwartz, 1992. Universals in the content and structure of values: theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In MP Zanna (Ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25:1-65. San Diego, CA: Academic.
• Revised Interpersonal Adjective Scales (IAS--R). Prospects for the assessment of normal and abnormal interpersonal behavior. Wiggins, Jerry S.; Trobst, Krista K.; Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol 68(1), Feb 1997. Special issue: Personality assessment instruments: Current status and future directions. pp. 110-126
• Luhtanen, Riia; Crocker, Jennifer. A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one's social identity. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin. Vol 18(3) Jun 1992, 302-318.  http://www.rcgd.isr.umich.edu/crockerlab/measures.htm  
• Cross, S.E., Bacon, P.L., Morris, M.L, (2000). The Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal and Relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,78(4), 791-808.   (especially useful for a caucasian sample).
• Gaertner, L., Sedikides, C., & Graetz, K. (1999). In search of self-definition: Motivational primacy of the individual self, motivational privacy of the collective self, or contextual primacy? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 5-18
• Hobfoll, S. E., Schroder, K. E. E., Wells, M., & Malek, M. (2002). Communal versus individualistic construction of sense of mastery in facing life challenges. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21, 362-399. 
• Kwan, V. S. Y., Bond, M. H., & Singelis, T. M (1997). Pancultural Explanations for Life Satisfaction: Adding Relationship Harmony to Self-Esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1038-1051.
• McCall, M., Reno, R.R., & Jalbert, N. & West, S.G. (2000). Communal orientation and attributions between the self and other. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 22, 301-309.
• McGregor, I., Zanna, M. P., Holmes, J. G., & Spencer, S. J. (2001). Compensatory conviction in the face of personal uncertainty: Going to extremes and being oneself. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 472-488.
• Morling, B., Kitayama, S., & Miyamoto, Y. (2003). American and  Japanese women use different coping strategies during normal pregnancy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1533-1546.


see also Racial/Ethnic Identity

• Implicit Associations Test: https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/demo/background/index.jsp
  • Recent debate on the prejudice versions of the IAT: Arkes, H. R., & Tetlock, P. E. (2004). Attributions of Implicit Prejudice, or 'Would Jesse Jackson 'Fail' the Implicit Association Test?' Psychological Inquiry, 15(4), 257-278. (see entire PI issue)
  • Karpinski & Hilton (2001). Attitudes and the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 774-788.
  • There's a paper and pencil version of the IAT that works for groups -- an example page is given in this article: Teachman, B., & Brownell, K. (2001). Implicit associations toward obese people among treatment specialists: Is anyone immune? International Journal of Obesity, 25, 1–7.
  • Automatic preference for White Americans: Eliminating the familiarity explanation. By Dasgupta, Nilanjana; McGhee, Debbie E.; Greenwald, Anthony G.; Banaji, Mahzarin R. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2000 May Vol 36(3) 316-328.
• Stereotype Explanatory Bias - Sekaquaptewa, D., Espinoza, P., Thompson, M., Vargas, P., & von Hippel, W. (2003). Stereotypic explanatory bias: Implicit stereotyping as a predictor of discrimination. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(1), 75-82.
• Linguistic Intergroup Bias - Maass, A., Salvi, D., Arcuri, L., & Semin, G. R. (1989). Language use in intergroup context: The linguistic intergroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 981-993.
• Wittenbrink, Bernd; Schwarz, Norbert (2007). Implicit measures of attitudes. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
• Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 297-327.
• Kihlstrom, J.F. (2004). Implicit methods in social psychology. In C. Sansone, C. Morf, & A. Panter (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Methods in Social Psychology (pp. 195-212). Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.

• World Assumptions Scale - Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct.Preview Janoff-Bulman, Ronnie; Social Cognition, Vol 7(2), Sum 1989. Special issue: Stress, coping, and social cognition. pp. 113-136.
• Beliefs about Income Inequality Scale - Kluegel, James R.; Smith, Eliot R. (1986). Beliefs about inequality: Americans' views of what is and what ought to be. Hawthorne, NY, US: Aldine de Gruyter.
• Weber, Mummendey, Waldzus (2002). Perceived legitimacy of intergroup status differences: Its prediction by relative ingroup protypicality. European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol 32(4), 449-470: 4-item measure of legitimacy of status relations between groups with unequal status.
• Jost, J. T., & Major, B. (Eds.). (2001). The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations. New York: Cambridge University Press
• Kluegel, J.R. and Smith, E.R. (1983). Affirmative action attitudes: Effects of self-interest, racial affect, and stratification beliefs on whites' views. Social Forces. 61(3), 797-824.
• Kluegel, J.R. and Smith, E.R. (1982). Whites' beliefs about blacks' opportunity. American Sociological Review, 47, 518-532.
• Major et al. (2002). Perceiving personal discrimination: The role of group status and legitimizing ideology. JPSP, 82, 269-282.
• Pratto et al. (2000). Social dominance orientation and the legitimization of inequality across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 369-409.
• Schmader et al. (2001). Devaluing domains in response to threatening intergroup comparisons: Perceived legitimacy and the status value asymmetry. JPSP, 80, 782-796.

• Measure of rejection sensitivity - Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Downey, Geraldine; Feldman, Scott I.; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 70(6), Jun 1996. pp. 1327-1343.   and   Rejection sensitivity and children's interpersonal difficulties. Downey, Geraldine; Lebolt, Amy; Rincón, Claudia; Freitas, Antonio L.; Child Development, Vol 69(4), Aug 1998. pp. 1074-1091.
• Experiences in close relationships scale - Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. Brennan, Kelly A.; Clark, Catherine L.; Shaver, Phillip R.; In: Attachment theory and close relationships. Simpson, Jeffry A.; Rholes, William Steven; New York, NY, US: Guilford Press, 1998. pp. 46-76.
• Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Aron, Arthur; Aron, Elaine N.; Smollan, Danny; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 63(4), Oct 1992. pp. 596-612.
• Handbook of closeness and intimacy. Mashek, Debra J.; Aron, Arthur P.; Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, 2004.
• McAdams, D. P. (1992). The intimacy motive. In C. P. Smith (Ed.), Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. 224-228). New York: Cambridge University Press. 
• Schultheiss, O. C., & Brunstein, J. C. (2005). An implicit motive perspective on competence. In A. J. Elliot & C. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation. New York: Guilford.
• Gilligan, C. (1993). In a different voice. Psychological theory and women's development (2 ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• McAdams, D. P., Lester, R. M., Brand, P. A., McNamara, W. J., & Lensky, D. B. (1988). Sex and the TAT: Are women more intimate than men? Do men fear intimacy? Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 397-409.

• Belief in a just world: Research progress over the past decade. Furnham, Adrian; Personality and Individual Differences, Vol 34(5), Apr 2003. pp. 795-817.
• Dalbert, C. (1999). The world is more just for me than generally: About the Personal Belief in a Just World Scale’s validity. Social Justice Research, 12, 79-98.
• just world items from Rotter's locus of control scale.
• Lipkus, I. (1991). The construction and preliminary validation of a global belief in a just world scale and the exploratory analysis of the multidimensional belief in a just world scale. Personality and individual differences, 12(11), 1171-1178.
• Lerner, M. J., & Miller, D. T. (1978). Psychological Bulletin, 85. 1030-1051.

• Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire by Bass, Avolio, and others - commonly used to assess what has been termed transformational and transactional leadership. It is a copyright protected scale. For information go to http://www.mindgarden.com/products/mlq.htm, for ordering information go to the MLQ for survey research page.
• Leadership : theory and practice / Peter G. Northouse Thousand Oaks, Calif. : Sage Publications, c2001 Edition 2nd ed. (provides great descriptions (and pros and cons) of different approaches to leadership; and discusses different scales)
• Eagly, Alice H; Johnson, Blair T. Gender and leadership style: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin. Vol 108(2) Sep 1990, 233-256.
• Kipnis & Schmidt's Profiles of Influence Strategies (POIS). 
  • Schmidt, S. M. & Kipnis, D. (1984). Managers' pursuit of individual and organizational goals. Human Relations, Vol 37(10), 781-794.
  • Kipnis, D., & Schmidt, S. M. (1982). Profile of organizational influence strategies. San Diego, CA: University Associates.
• Influence Behavior Questionnaire (a modified version of the POIS.)  Influence tactics and objectives in upward, downward, and lateral influence attempts. Yukl, Gary; Falbe, Cecilia M.; Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol 75(2), Apr 1990. pp. 132-140.

• This critique describes many problems with the learned helplessness paradigm, as well as critiques different techniques to induce learned helplessness in the lab: Silver, R. L., Wortman, C. B., & Klos, D. S. (1982). Cognitions, affect and behavior following uncontrollable outcomes: A response to current human helplessness research. Journal of Personality, 50, 480-514.
• Brockner (1983).  The roles of self-esteem and self-consciousness in the Wortman-Brehm model of reactance and learned helplessness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 45(1), 199-209. (They induce learned helplessness via perceived repeated failure. One common manipulation involves presenting unsolvable anagrams or other word puzzles.)
• Rholes, Blackwell, Jordan, Walters, (1980). A developmental study of learned helplessness. Developmental Psychology, Vol 16(6), 616-624. The task was to locate hidden embedded figures. This was engaging for children and probably could be made so for adult too. The task works well because it can be manipulated easily. Some puzzles contained some figures that were easy to locate. The critical puzzles actually contained no hidden figures at all. So equal levels of failure were ensured.  

Legitimacy

see Inequality/Legitimacy

Locus of control

• Selected items from International Personality Item Pool to represent the Locus of Control. Available online: http://ipip.ori.org/newPASKey.htm
• Rotter, J.B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80 (1, Whole No. 609).
• Nowicki, S., & Duke, M. P. (1978). A locus of control scale for noncollege as well as college adults. Journal of Personality Assessment, 38, 136-137.
• Nowicki, S., & Duke, M. P. (1983). The Nowicki-Strickland life-span locus of control scales: Construct validation. In H. M. Lefcourt (Ed.), Research with the locus of control construct (Vol. 2) (pp.13-57). New York: Academic Press
• Internality, Powerful Others, and Chance Scales: Levenson, H. (1981). Differentiating among internality, powerful others, and chance. In H. M. Lefcourt (Ed.), Research with the locus of control construct: Assessment methods (Vol. 1, pp. 15-63). New York: Academic Press.
• Levenson, H. (1974). Activism and powerful others: Distinctions within the concept of internal-external control. Journal of Personality Assessment, 38, 377-383.
• Marital locus of Control: Miller, Lefcourt, and Ware (1983)
• Paulhus, D. (1983). Sphere-specific measures of perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1253-1265.
• Dieting Beliefs Scale (Stotland & Zuroff, 1990) - A measure of weight locus of control. See http://www.yorku.ca/rokada/psyctest/

• Russell, Daniel W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol 66(1), pp. 20-40.
• Differential Loneliness Scale (Schmidt & Sermat, 1983) - See http://www.yorku.ca/rokada/psyctest/


see also Psychological Well-Being

• Antonak & Levneh (1988). The measurement of attitudes toward people with disabilities: Methods, psychometrics and scales. Charles C Thomas publisher, Springfield, IL.
• Yuker, H.E. (1988).  Attitudes toward persons with disabilities. New York, NY, US: Springer Publishing Co.
• Ryan, C. S., Robinson, D. R., & Hausmann, L. R. M. (2001). Stereotyping among providers and consumers of public mental health services: The role of perceived group variability. Behavior Modification, 25, 407-443.
• Link, B. G., Phelan, J. C., Bresnahan, M., Stueve, A., & Pescosolido, B. A. (1999). Public conceptions of mental illness: Labels, causes, dangerousness,and social distance. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1328-1333.
• Pescosolido, B. A., Monahan, J., Link, B. G., Stueve, A., & Kikuzawa, S. (1999). The public's view of the competence, dangerousness, and need for legal coercion of persons with mental health problems. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1339-1345.
• Medvene & Krauss (1989). Causal attributions and parent-child relationships in a self-help group for families of the mentlaly ill. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, 1413-1430.
• Medvene et al., (1995). Increasing Mexican American Attendance of support groups for parents of the mentally ill: Organizational and psychological factors. Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 307-325.

• Harry Reis - measure of perceived responsiveness in physician-patient interactions, which can be modified for mentor relationships.
• Autonomy-support measures based in self-determination theory, according to SDT autonomy support (taking subordinate's perspective, providing choice, providing meaningful rationale) is the crucial social-level factor that determines many positive outcomes (performance, mood, greater internalization of what the mentors are promoting). See the SDT website for some measures. http://www.psych.rochester.edu/SDT/
• Graziano: Agreeableness is related to both  responsiveness and self-regulation of responsiveness. Developmentally, the responsiveness may appear first, with regulation being "recruited" to the service of responsiveness.
  • Tobin, R. M., Graziano, W. G., Vanman, E., & Tassinary, L. (2000). Personality, emotional experience, and efforts to control emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 79 (4), 656-669. 
  • Hair, E. C., & Graziano, W. G. (2003). Self-esteem, personality,  and achievement in high school: A prospective longitudinal study in Texas. Journal of Personality. 71 (6), 971-994. 
  • Kieras, J. E., Tobin, R. M., & Graziano, W. G., & Rothbart, M. K.  (2005). You can't always get what you want: Effortful control and children's reactions to undesirable gifts. Psychological Science. 16(5), 354-357.
• Observational coding: Videotape sets of dyads. 1 min from each dyad, code for responsiveness  

• McCoy & Major (2007). Priming meritocracy and the psychological justification of inequality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(3), 341-351.
• Sibley, Chris G.; Wilson, Marc S. (2007). Political attitudes and the ideology of equality: Differentiating support for liberal and conservative political parties in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, Vol 36(2), 72-84.
• Davey, L. M., Bobocel, D. R., Son Hing, L. S., & Zanna, M. P. (1999). Preference for the Merit Principle Scale: An individual difference measure of distributive justice preferences. Social Justice Research, 12, 223-240.
• Katz & Hass (1988).  Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 55(6), 893-905.

• Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment, 11, 191-206.
• Buchheld, N., Grossman, P., & Walach, H. (2001). Measuring mindfulness in insight meditation (vipassana) and meditation-based psychotherapy: The development of the freiburg mindfulness inventory (FMI). Journal of Meditation and Meditation Research, 1, 11-34.
• Langer Mindfulness Scale - http://www.idspublishing.com/langers.htm
• Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822- 848.

• Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1997). Measurement and mismeasurement of mood: Recurrent and emergent issues. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 267-296.
• Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale (PANAS)- very commonly used. For information about the scale, and the scale itself (free to use) see: http://stressandhealth.stanford.edu/measures/PANAS.html. Also, a manual for administering/coding the PANAS can be downloaded at this link (PDF): http://www.psychology.uiowa.edu/Faculty/Clark/PANAS-X.pdf.
• Multiple Affect Adjective Check List Revised (MAACL-R ) - the MAACL is another very commonly used scale. Originally designed by Marvin Zukerman and Bernard Lubin. Trait and state versions are now available. Meaures anxiety, hostility, depressed mood, positive affect and sensation-seeking. Available for purchase (25 forms for $12, 100 forms for $45). See this page for more information on the scale, and the order form link is at the bottom of the page. http://www.edits.net/MAACL-R-sc.html.
• Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List (AD ACL) - measures arousal via self-report subscales of general deactivation (calmness), activation (energy), high activation (tension), and deactivation (tiredness). Information and the scale available at http://www.csulb.edu/~thayer/thayer/adaclnew.htm.
• Pleasantness and Arousal. Russell, Weiss, & Mendelsohn, JPSP, 1989
• The Differential Emotions State. (A method for Measuring the Subjective Experience of Discrete Emotions)  The Psychology of Emotions by Carroll Ellis Izard - 1991.
• Mehrabian Mood Scale - Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
• Mood Induction Manipulations:  Westermann, R., Spies, K., Stahl, G., & Hesse, F. W. (1996). Relative effectiveness and validity of mood induction procedures: a meta analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 557-580.
  
  see also Psychological Well-Being

see also Emotion

• The Ethics Position Questionnaire: Forsyth, D. R. (1980). A taxonomy of ethical ideologies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 175-184.
• Eisenberg et al., (1989). Social and Moral Values, Erlbaum.

see Acculturation

see Racial/Ethnic Identity

• For a recent review, see: Samuel, D. & Widiger, T.A. (2008). Convergence of Narcissism Measures From the Perspective of General Personality Functioning. Assessment, 15, 364-374. View abstract at: http://asm.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/15/3/364.
• Hendin, H.M., & Cheek, J.M. (1997). Assessing Hypersensitive Narcissism: A Re-examination of Murray's Narcissism Scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 588-599. Information about the hypersensitive narcissism scale, and the 10 items are available at: http://www.wellesley.edu/Psychology/Cheek/sensitive.html.

• Development and Initial Validation of the Quick Discrimination Index (QDI). By: Ponterotto, Joseph G., et al. Educational and Psychological Measurement, v55 n6 p1016-31 Dec 1995.
• Intercultural Adjustment Potential Scale - predicts the degree to which a person will successfully adjust to living, working, and playing effectively in a new and different cultural environment. Dr. David Matsumoto http://www.davidmatsumoto.info/Research_Tools/icaps.htm
• Miville- Guzman Universality-Diversity Scale - This is a general scale which measures diversity of experiences, the extent to which understanding diverse others is appreciated, and one's sense of connection to own and other groups. See Fuertes et al. (2000). Factor structure and short form of the Miville-Guzman Universality-Diversity Scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 33, 157-169.
• Schwartz's Value Scale - Universalism subscale. Schwartz, 1992. Universals in the content and structure of values: theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In MP Zanna (Ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25:1-65. San Diego, CA: Academic.
• Multicultural and colorblind ideology, stereotypes, and ethnocentrism among Black and White Americans. Ryan, Carey S.; Hunt, Jennifer S.; Weible, Joshua A.; Peterson, Charles R.; Casas, Juan F.; Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, Vol 10(4), Oct 2007. pp. 617-637.
• Cultural Intelligence scale - the website (http://linnvandyne.com/cq.html) defines Cultural Intelligence (CQ) as a person's capability to function effectively in situations characterized by cultural diversity. See links on the website for reference readings and more information about the scale. Click on "Future Research and use of the 20-item measure" for a download of the scale and terms of use (it is free to academics). An alternative link: http://culturalq.com/20itemscale.html.

• Scheier, M.F., Carver, C.S. & Bridges, M.W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevalutation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063-1078. http://www.psy.miami.edu/faculty/ccarver/sclLOT-R.html


see also Psychological Well-Being

• Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Aron, Arthur; Aron, Elaine N.; Smollan, Danny; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 63(4), Oct 1992. pp. 596-612.
• Aron et al, JPSP, 1991(reaction time/memory type measures)
• The Relationship Closeness Inventory: Assessing the closeness of interpersonal relationships. Berscheid, Ellen; Snyder, Mark; Omoto, Allen M.; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 57(5), Nov 1989. pp. 792-807.
• Quality of Parent-Child Relationship Scale - Pierce, Sarason, Sarason & Solky-Butzel (1997). Assessing the quality of personal relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Vol 14(3), 339-356.


see also Mentors

• The NEO Personality Inventory is a copyrighted scale that requires users to have at least a 4 year degree in psychology, and costs about $140 for 25 forms. For more information, see http://www3.parinc.com/products/product.aspx?Productid=NEO_FFI. It is widely used by professional researchers. To find scales more accessible to student researchers, try the information below.

• 10-Item Measure - see http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/HomePage/Faculty/Gosling/scales_we.htm#Ten Item Personality Measure (TIPI). Reference: Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (2002). A Very Brief Measure of the Big-Five Personality Domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 504-528.
• The International Personality Item Pool, has items related to both the NEO and Big Five measures.
  • NEO: http://ipip.ori.org/newNEOKey.htm.
  • Big Five: http://ipip.ori.org/newBigFive5broadKey.htm.
• Mini-Markers: Gerard Saucier's Mini-Markers is a 40-item adjective measure of the Big Five. Available at: http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~gsaucier/gsau41.htm.
• Donnellan, Oswald, Baird & Lucas (2006). The Mini-IPIP Scales: Tiny-Yet-Effective Measures of the Big Five Factors of Personality. Psychological Assessment. 18(2), 192-203.
• John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The big five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L.A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.) Handbook of Personality (2nd ed., pp. 102-138). Guilford: New York.
• Trapnell, P. D., & Wiggins, J. S. (1990). Extension of the interpersonal adjective scales to include the big five dimensions of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 781-790.

• International Personality Item Pool -- an excellent collection of items assessing a wide range of constructs related generally to personality. These items have been indexed into various scales, with internal consistency (reliability) information available for each. The items are available for free use. Examples of constructs: the Big Five, depression, dissociation, self-esteem, emotional stability, perfectionism and many more. For an index of scaled items, see http://ipip.ori.org/newIndexofScaleLabels.htm.
• Ashton, Jackson, Helmes, Paunonen (1998). Joint factor analysis of the Personality Research Form and the Jackson Personality Inventory: Comparisons with the Big Five. Journal of Research in Personality, Vol 32(2), pp. 243-250.

• The Pet Inventory Assessment (Ory/Goldberg, 1983)
• The Pet Attitude Scale ( Templer et al, 1981)
• The Pet Attitude Inventory (Wilson et al, 1987)
• Bustad's Pet and Personal history questionnaire (Bustad, 1981)
• Johnson, Garrity, Stallones (1992). Psychometric evaluation of the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale (LAPS). Anthrozoös, Vol 5(3), 160-175.

• The Body Image Quality of Life Inventory: Further validation with college men and women. Cash, Thomas F.; Jakatdar, Tejal A.; Williams, Emily Fleming; Body Image, Vol 1(3), Sep 2004. pp. 279-287.
• The Body Esteem Scale (Franzoi & Shields, 1984) - see http://www.yorku.ca/rokada/psyctest/
• Contingencies of worth - Jenny Crocker.  Includes a measure of individual differences in the derivation of self-esteem from physical appearance: http://www.rcgd.isr.umich.edu/crockerlab/measures.htm
• Schmid Mast, M., & Hall, J. A. (2006). Women's advantage at remembering others' appearance: A systematic look at the why and when of a gender difference. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 353-364.
• Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. Snyder, Mark; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 30(4), Oct 1974. pp. 526-537. http://pubpages.unh.edu/~ckb/SELFMON2.html or  http://www.outofservice.com/self-monitor-censor-test/


see also Body Image

• Losier G. F., Perreault, S., Koestner, R., & Vallerand, R. J. (2001). Examining individual differences in the internalization of political values: Validation of the self-determination scale of political motivation. Journal of Research in Personality, 35, 41-61.
• Perceived control in the socio-political domain is likely to affect political decision making.  The SOC inventory contains such a subscale: Paulhus, D. L. (1983). Sphere-specific measures of perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1253-1268.
• Collective Identity Orientation subscale on the Aspects of Identity Questionnaire  (commitments on political issues or activities). Aspects of Identity Questionnaire IV:  scales for Personal, Relational, Social, and Collective Identity Orientations - http://www.wellesley.edu/Psychology/Cheek/identity.htmlThe University of Michigan's National Election Study would be a good source of items. First, click on: http://www.electionstudies.org/nesguide/nesguide.htm then click on a section of interest. For example, Section 6 is "Political Involvement..." When the new page  comes up, you'll see sections 6.A, 6.B, 6.C., 6.D. and so on. For each item, the top of the  page shows a frequency chart across time, but underneath is the item wording.
• Koestner, R., Losier, G. F., Vallerand, R. J., & Carducci, D. (1996). Identified and introjected forms of political internalization: Extending self-determination theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1025-1036.
• Losier, G.F., & Koestner, R. (1999). Intrinsic versus identified regulation in distinct political campaigns: The consequences of following politics for pleasure versus personal meaningfulness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 287-298.
• J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of political attitudes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
• Chuck Hill - Multiple Identities Questionnaire. Contact: chill@whittier.edu.  Vita: http://web.whittier.edu/chill/CTHvita.html

• Dunton & Fazio (1997, PSPB), and Plant & Devine (1998, JPSP) as relevant to the PC construct. While the emphasis here is on racial attitudes, the scales would seem transferable, in principle, to other target groups. 
• Swim & Miller's conceptualization of "white guilt" (1999, PSPB) may be relevant. 

• UPenn's Positive Psychology Center lists a wide variety of relevant questionnaires. http://www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/ppquestionnaires.htm.
• Curiosity and Exploration Inventory (Kashdan, Rose, & Fincham, 2001)
• Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (McCullough, Emmons, & Tsang, 2001)
• Veroff et al., Mental Health in America or The Inner American, 1980 or 1981
• McCullough, M.E., Rachal, K.C., Sandage, S.J., Worthington, E.L., Jr., Wade-Brown, S., & Hight, T. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships II: Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1586-1603.
• Optimism: Scheier, M.F., Carver, C.S. & Bridges, M.W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevalutation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063-1078.

see also Happiness & Life Satisfaction

Power

see Competition

Prejudice

See the following: 

Disability

Inequality

Gender

Mental Illness

Racism

Sexual Orientation

Sororities/Fraternities

Weight Bias

Priming


Elderly Subtype Primes

• Link to Word document (right click to download) with sources & prime descriptions 

• Stapel, D.A., & Van der Zee, K.I. (2006). The Self Salience Model of other-to-self effects: Integrating self-enhancement, complementarity, and imitation principles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 258-271. Includes a "we-ness" collective self-construal prime. See http://www.stapel.socialpsychology.nl/publications.html/ to download a full-text copy of the article.
• Brewer, M. B., & Gardner, W. (1996). Who is this "we"? Levels of collective identity and self representations. Journal of Personality  and Social Psychology, 71, 83-93.

Religion

• Nonconscious influences of religion on prosociality: A priming study. Pichon, Isabelle; Boccato, Giulio; Saroglou, Vassilis; European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol 37(5), Sep-Oct 2007. Special issue: Familiarity impacts person perception. pp. 1032-1045.
• Honesty: One Effect of Primed Religious Representations. Randolph-Seng, Brandon; Nielsen, Michael E.; International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, Vol 17(4), 2007. pp. 303-315

Procrastination

• Procrastination Scale (Lay, 1986) - For student & non-student populations.  See http://www.yorku.ca/rokada/psyctest/

• Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being - For a description, see http://liberalarts.wabash.edu/cila/home.cfm?news_id=3570. There is no charge to use the Ryff, but institutions or organizations must send a request and description of how the instrument will be used to Dr. Carol Ryff: cryff@facstaff.wisc.edu. Dr. Ryff requests that institutions or organizations provide her with the results of their study and any subsequent journal article citations.
• UPenn's Positive Psychology Center lists a wide variety of relevant questionnaires. http://www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/ppquestionnaires.htm.
• Mcdowell & Newell (1996).  Measuring health: a guide to rating scales and questionnaires.  NY: Oxford Univ. Press
• Vallacher, R. R., Nowak, A., Froehlich, M., & Rockloff, M. (2002). The dynamics of self-evaluation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6 (4), 370-379; Describes the "mouse paradigm," in which people move a computer mouse pointer to indicate positive or negative self-evaluation; The benefit of this measure is that it taps "moment-to-moment changes in well-being before, during, and after any manipulation. Global Happiness Item -Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago: Alpine. -1 item
• Delighted-Terrible Scale -Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: America's perception of life quality. New York: Plenum Press. -1 item
• See Norbert Schwarz research for important note:  all measures of SWB are "responsive" to context -- often more than you want. Schwarz, N, & Strack, F. (1999). Reports of subjective well-being: Judgmental processes and their methodological implications. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, and N. Schwarz (Eds), Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology, pp. 61-84. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
• Cummins, R. A., Eckersley, R., Pallant, J., Van Vugt, J., & Misajon, R. (2003). Developing a national index of subjective wellbeing: The Australian Unity Wellbeing Index. Social Indicators Research 64, 159-190.

see also Self-esteeem

see also Positive Psychology

see also Mood

see also Emotion

• Ponterotto & Park (2007).  Racial and Ethnic Identity Theory, Measurement, and Research in Counseling Psychology: Present Status and Future Directions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol 54(3), Special issue: Racial and ethnic identity theory, measurement, and research in counseling psychology: Present status and future directions. pp. 282-294.
• Helms (2007). Some better practices for measuring racial and ethnic identity constructs. Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol 54(3), Special issue: Racial and ethnic identity theory, measurement, and research in counseling psychology: Present status and future directions. pp. 235-246.
• Handbook of Multicultural Assessment: Clinical, Psychological, and Educational Applications. Lisa A. Suzuki (Editor), Paul J. Meller (Editor), Joseph G. Ponterotto (Ed.)
• Helms models of racial identity: Helms, J.E. (1995). An update of Helm's White and people of color racial identity models. In: Handbook of multicultural counseling. Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage.  pp. 181-198.
• Multicultural Center for Research and Practice: A website with links to articles about and measures of acculturation and ethnic identity.  Housed by the Antioch New England Graduate School http://www.multiculturalcenter.org/
• Chuck Hill - Multiple Identities Questionnaire. Contact: chill@whittier.edu.  Vita: http://web.whittier.edu/chill/CTHvita.html
• Sellers, R. M., Smith, M. A., Shelton, J. N., Rowley, S. A. J., & Chavous, T. M. (1998). Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2(1), 18-39.
• Knowles, E. D., & Peng, K. (2005). White Selves: Conceptualizing and Measuring a Dominant-Group Identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(2), 223-241.
• LaFleur, N. K., Rowe, W., & Leach, M. M. (2002). Reconceptualizing White Racial Consciousness. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 30(3), 148-52.
• African American psychology : theory, research, and practice / editors, A. Kathleen Hoard Burlew ... [et al.]. Newbury Park, Calif. : Sage, c1992.
• Fuertes, J. N., Miville, M. L., Mohr, J. J., Sedlacek, W. E., & Gretchen, D. (2000). Factor structure and short-form of the Miville-Guzman Universality-Diversity Scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 33(3), 157-169.
• Pinel, E. C. (1999).  Stigma consciousness:  The psychological legacy of social stereotypes.  JPSP, 76, 114.  [Validated stigma consciousness questionnaires for gender, sexuality, and race.]
  • Also see Brown & Pinel (JESP, Vol 39, 2003).
• A list of measures including various racial/ethnic identity scales; Daphna Oyserman. http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/culture.self/measures.

• Symbolic Racism:
  • Henry, P.J., & Sears, D. O. 2002. The symbolic racism 2000 scale, Political Psychology, 23, 253-283.
  • Sears, D. O. (1988). Symbolic racism. (In P. A. Katz & D. A. Taylor (Eds.), Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy. (pp. 53—84) New York: Plenum Press.
• Modern Racism
  • Modern racism, ambivalence, and the Modern Racism Scale. By McConahay, John B., Dovidio, John F. (Ed); Gaertner, Samuel L. (Ed); et al. Prejudice, discrimination, and racism. (pp. 91-125).Orlando, FL, USA: Academic Press, Inc. (1986) xiii, 337
• Aversive Racism
  • The aversive form of racism. In John F. Dovidio, John F. (Ed); Gaertner, Samuel L. (Ed); et al. Prejudice, discrimination, and racism. (pp. 61-89).Orlando, FL, USA: Academic Press, Inc. (1986)
• Implicit/Unconscious/Automatic Racism
  • See Implicit Attitudes for information on the Implicit Associations Test
  • Go/No-Go Association Task(GNAT) - Brian Nosek http://projectimplicit.net/nosek/gnat/. This task requires Inquisit software: www.millisecond.com.
  • Race IAT: http://projectimplicit.net/nosek/iat/. (requires Inquisit software)
  • Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Bridget, J., Dunton, C., & WIlliams, C.J.,(1995) Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A Bona Fide Pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013-1027
  • Another reaction time software program: http://www.empirisoft.com/
  • Stereotype Explanatory Bias - Sekaquaptewa, D., Espinoza, P., Thompson, M., Vargas, P., & von Hippel, W. (2003). Stereotypic explanatory bias: Implicit stereotyping as a predictor of discrimination. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(1), 75-82. Ho, C. & Jackson, J.W. (2001). Attitudes toward Asian Americans: Theory and measurement. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 1553-1581
• Student Racism Scale (Boniecki et al., 2002): 7 questions that ask college students what they think of college programs that favor minorities (i.e., scholarships).
• Modified Godfrey-Richman ISM Scale (Godfrey et al., 2000): 50-item scale that describes scenarios and asks how acceptable the participant thinks they are.
• Scale of Anti-Asian American Stereotypes - Lin, M. H., Kwan, V. S. Y., Cheung, A., & Fiske, S. T. (2005). Stereotype content model explains prejudice for an envied outgroup:  Scale of Anti-Asian American Stereotypes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 34-47.
• Attitudes Toward Blacks Scale -  College students' racial attitudes. Brigham, John C.; Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol 23(23), Dec 1993. pp. 1933-1967.
• Racial Argument Scale -  The Persuasiveness of Racial Arguments as a Subtle Measure of Racism. Saucier, Donald A.; Miller, Carol T.; Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol 29(10), Oct 2003. pp. 1303-1315.
• Social distance as a measure of prejudice among ethnic groups in the United States. Weaver, Charles N.; Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol 38(3), Mar 2008. pp. 779-795.
• Paniagua et al. (2000). Self-evaluation of unintended biases and prejudices.  Psychological Reports, Vol 87(3, Pt 1), 823-829.   A 10-item scale measuring the probability of unintended biases and prejudices against 5 culturally diverse groups (African-American, American Indian, Asian, Hispanic, and White).
• Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Bachman, G. (1999). Prejudice toward immigrants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 2221-2237. [Can be used for all outgroups.]

• Spheres of Control inventory - includes a measure of Socio-Political control, measured independently of Personal and Interpersonal control. Paulhus, D.L., & Van Selst, M. (1990). The Spheres of Control scale: Ten years of research. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 1029-1036.
• Gender Role Journey Measure (O'neil, Egan, Owen, McBride, 1993,Sex Roles) has a Personal-Professional Activism subscale 

• Racial Arguments Scale (RAS; Saucier, D. A. & Miller, C. T. (2003). The Persuasiveness of Racial Arguments as a Subtle Measure of Racism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1303-1315.) Actually measures implicit racism, can also give bogus feedback.
• Stereotypic Explanatory Bias (SEB). It's paper and pencil, but quite indirect, and therefore lacking in face validity. (Sekaquaptewa, JESP)
• Spencer, Fein, Strahan and Zanna (may still be in press) - told people that in the subject pool pre-test they had done at the start of term, they had scored high in racism and low in racial tolerance
• Margo Monteith, 1993 JPSP. Vague scales, feedback: they were more prejudiced than their own internal standards said they should be. In another study she had this elaborate routine for convincing people they had behaved in a prejudice way towards a gay scholarship applicant. 
• Anne Maas's "famous people" task--how many people of group x can you name who are famous?
• Bernadette Park also has a task where participants read passages and cancel words (?)
• Stroop-type test: This can be done with several sheets of card and a stop-watch. The test would essentially involve person names grouped according to ethnicity by card, and you simply time how long it takes participants to read-off the colours (obviously, you would need to control for issues of familiarity, etc between card contents).
• Participants write a paragraph and have a coder come in to "code" it in front of them, and provide them with a score. E.g., we'd like you to write about a racist incident in the past (you can decide how important it is to label it as such), and tell them we have a scoring criteria used in past research. Then provide false feedback as to their level of racism.

• For an index of tests (many of which are copyright protected and/or require a degree to administer), see http://www.unl.edu/buros/bimm/html/index07.html.

see also Working Memory tasks

see also Bogus (False) feedback manipulations

• Relationship Assessment Scale - Hendrick. S. S. (1988). A generic measure of relationship satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 93-98.
• Norton Quality of Marriage Index - Norton (1983), Journal of Marriage & the Family, 45(1), pp. 141-151.
• Spanier Dyadic Adjustment Scale - high versus low dyadic (e.g., martial) adjustment. For a recent review, see Graham, Liu & Jeziorski (2006). The Dyadic Adjustment Scale: A Reliability Generalization Meta-Analysis. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 701-717(17). The original article is: Spanier (1976), Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 15-28. For a sort of preview of some of the questions, see http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rlweiss/473/section2/dasx.htm.
• Marital Satisfaction Inventory (MSI, Snyder, 1979)
• Marital Status Inventory - R. L. Weiss. Measures intentions to divorce. Purchase ($5-$7 per participant) at http://www.perry-psych.com/order02.htm. Preview the instrument at http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rlweiss/msi.htm.
• Marital Adjustment Test (MAT) - Locke & Wallace, 1959, Marriage and Family Living, 21, pp 251-255. See the scale online: http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rlweiss/473/section2/l-w.htm
• Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale - Schumm et al., 1986, Journal of Marriage & the Family, 48, p. 381-387.
• Rusbult, C. E., Martz, J. M., and Agnew, C. R. (1998). The Investment Model Scale: Measuring commitment level, satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size. Personal Relationships, 5, 357-391.
• Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Aron, Arthur; Aron, Elaine N.; Smollan, Danny; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 63(4), Oct 1992. pp. 596-612.
• Z. Rubin, Measurement of Romantic Love, JPSP, 1970, 16, 265-273.
• Trust Scale (Rempel, Holmes & Zanna, 1985) - For close interpersonal relationships. See http://www.yorku.ca/rokada/psyctest/
• Peplau, L. A., Hill, C. T., and Rubin, Z. "Sex-role attitudes in dating and marriage: A 15-year followup of the Boston Couples Study." Journal of Social Issues, 49(3): 31-52, 1993.
• Hill, C. T., and Stull, D. E. "Gender and self-disclosure: Strategies for exploring the issues." In V. Derlega & J. Berg (Eds.), Self-Disclosure: Theory, Research, and Therapy. New York: Plenum, 1987.
• Empathic Accuracy Paradigm: Buysse & Ickes (1999), Journal of Sex Research.
• "Change in Relationship Scale" - Ty Tashiro, Patricia Frazier, Michael Steger. Assesses various positiveand negative outcomes that individuals believe resulted from a break-up (e.g., more autonomy, better ability tobecome close with other). (unpublished?)
• Lewandowski, G., Aron, A., Bassis, S., & Kunak, J. Losing a Self-expanding Relationship: Implications for the Self-concept. Personal Relationships. Includes the "Self-Expansion Questionnaire" - provides an assessment of the amount of self-expansion a relationship provides. The questionnaire can be adapted to address past relationships also.
• Reference Reading: Gray, J.D., & Silver, R. C. (1990).Opposite sides of the same coin: Former spouses' divergent perspectives in coping with their divorce. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1180-1191.
• Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal Scale. This scale is used to examine the extent to which individuals define the self in terms of close others.
  • Cross, S. E., Bacon, P., & Morris, M. (2000). The relational-interdependent self-construal and relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 791-808. 

• Relationship closeness induction task:  Sedikides, C., Campbell, W. K., Reeder, G., & Elliot, A. J. (1999). The Relationship Closeness Induction Test. Representative Research in Social Psychology, 23, 1-4.  
• Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Stucke, T. S. (2001). If you can't join them, beat them: Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1058-1069
• Vohs, Heatherton, 2001. Self-esteem and threats to self:  Implications for self-construals and interpersonal perceptions. JPSP, 81, 1103-1118.
• Aron et al.'s 'Fast Friends' procedure - Aron, A., Melinat, E., Aron, E. N., Vallone, R., & Bator, R. (1997).The experimental generation of interpersonal closeness: A procedure and some preliminary findings. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 363-377.  (Note:  our initial control condition (a "small talk" procedure) is not ideal as it creates more closeness than we would like. What has worked best as a control is a procedure where the pairs spend as much time together but the tasks are a series of really minimally interactive activities, such as giving directions to the other to a well known place on campus, reading from a non emotional play script or from a text book to the other, etc.)
• Aron, A., Aron, E. N., Tudor, M., & Nelson, G. (1991). Close relationships as including other in the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1102-112.
• Brown, Novick, Lord, & Richards. When Gulliver travels: Social context, psychological closeness, and self-appraisals. JPSP, 62, 717-727.
• (An offbeat manipulation): Drake, R. A. (1986). Lateral asymmetry of impression formation. International Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 121 126.

• Hill, Peter C. & Wood, Ralp W. (1999). Measures of religiosity. Birmingham, AL: Religious Education Press.
• Gorsuch, R.L., & McPherson, S.E. (1989). Intrinsic/extrinsic measurement: I/E-Revised and single item scales. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28, 348-354.
• Gorsuch & Venable (1983). Development of an "Age Universal" I-E Scale. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 22, 181-187.
• Maltby, J. (2002) The Age Universal I-E Scale-12 and Orientation Toward Religion: Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Journal of Psychology, 136, 555-560.
• Religious Orientation scale (Allport & Ross, 1967) - widely used with adults to measure Allport's Extrinsic (E) and Intrinsic (I) religious orientations.
• "Multidimensional Measurement of Religiousness/Spirituality for Use in Health Research: A Report of the Fetzer Institute/National Institute on Aging Working Group" Oct 1999. Download the report and scale (PDF) from: http://www.fetzer.org/Resources.aspx?PageID=Resources&NavID=1   (go to page 3)
• Ryan, R. M., Rigby, S., & King, K. (1993). Two types of religious internalization and their relations to religious orientations and mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 586-596.
• Biernat, Manis, and Kobrynowicz's (1997) Religiosity Scale
• Spiritual Transcendence Scale, (Ralph Piedmont, December, 1999 Journal of Personality.)
• Religious beliefs as a coping mechanism. Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub (1989).
• Doxey, Jensen, & Jensen (1997) Int'l J for the Psychology of Religion --3 item measure
• Loewenthal & Cornwall (1993) Int'l J for the Psychology of Religion – 5 item measure
• Idler (1987, 1995; Social Forces) -- public and private religiousness.
• Folkman et al. (1992) -- 4-item measures of spiritual beliefs and spiritual activities.
• Hatch, Burg, Naberhaus & Hellmich (1998; J of Family Practice) -- 26 items, widely applicable across religious traditions.
• Boudreaux, E., Catz, S., Ryan, L., Amaral-Melendez, M., & Brantley. (1995). The Ways of Religious Coping Scale: Reliability, validity, and scale development. Assessment, 2, 233-244.
• Post Critical Belief Scale - http://ppw.kuleuven.be/religion/religion.htm (Click on "Research Topics").
  • Fontaine, J. R. J., Duriez, B., Luyten, P., Hutsebaut, D. (2003) The internal structure of the Post-Critical Belief scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 501-518.
  • Duriez, B., Soenens, B., Hutsebaut, D. (2005) Introducing the shortened Post-Critical Belief Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 851-857
• Mahoney, A., Pargament, K. I., Cole, B., Jewell, T., Magyar, G. M., Tarakeshwar, N., Murray-Swank, N. A., Phillips, R. (2005) A Higher Purpose: The Sanctification of Strivings in a Community Sample. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 15, 239-262.
• Emmons, R. A., Cheung, C., Tehrani, K. (1998) Assessing spirituality through personal goals: Implications for research on religion and subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 45, 391-422.
• Priming religion
  • Nonconscious influences of religion on prosociality: A priming study. Pichon, Isabelle; Boccato, Giulio; Saroglou, Vassilis; European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol 37(5), Sep-Oct 2007. Special issue: Familiarity impacts person perception. pp. 1032-1045.
  • Honesty: One Effect of Primed Religious Representations. Randolph-Seng, Brandon; Nielsen, Michael E.; International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, Vol 17(4), 2007. pp. 303-315

• Impulsive Sensation Seeking scale (part of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire; e.g., see Zuckerman, 2002; chapter in Big Five Assessment, edited by De Raad & Perugini, pp. 377-396).
• Novelty-Seeking subscale of Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire( TPQ); see Cloninger, Svrakic, & Przybeck, 1993, Arch. Gen. Psychi.,50, 975-990). The TPQ is often used in studies linking personality with substance abuse (e.g., Sher, Bartholow, & Wood, 2000; J. Con. Clin. Psy.,68, 818-829), but is also useful more generally as a measure of behavioral disinhibition.
• Sciortino, John J.; Huston, John H.; Spencer, Roger W. Perceived risk and the precautionary demand for money. Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol 8(3), Sep 1987. pp. 339-346.
• Jackson, D. N., Hourany, L. & Vidmar, N. J. (1972). A four-dimensional interpretation of risk taking. Journal of Personality, 40, 433-501.
• Arnett, J. (1998). Risk behavior and family role transitions during the twenties. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 27 (3), 301 - 320.

• Manipulations - Link to Word document (right click to download) with review of literature & manipulations

• A measure of judgmental self-doubt:  Mirels, H. L., Greblo, P., and Dean, J. B. (2002). Judgmental self-doubt: beliefs about one's judgmental prowess. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 741-758.  
• Development and validation of a self-confidence scale. Garant, Vivianne; Charest, Caroline; Alain, Michel; Thomassin, Lyne; Perceptual and Motor Skills, Vol 81(2), Oct 1995. pp. 401-402

• Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M.F. & Buss, A.H. (1975). Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 522-527.

• Dr. Frank Pajares from Emory University has a very informative on-line lecture posted at http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/efftalk.html.
  • Included in the lecture are links to a 1996 paper he presented about measuring efficacy (http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/aera2.html) and specific information about and links to self-efficacy measures (http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/self-efficacy.html#instruments).
    
    
    

Self-esteem

• Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.  See http://www.yorku.ca/rokada/psyctest/.
• Tennessee Self-Concept Scale
• Blascovich, J. & Tomaka, J. (1991). Measures of self-esteem. In J.P. Robinson, P.R. Shaver, and L.S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes (Vol. 1, pp. 115-160). San Diego: Academic Press.

• Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R.K., Blaine, B. & Broadnax, S. (1994). Collective self-esteem and psychological well-being among Black, White and Asian college students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 503-513. http://www.rcgd.isr.umich.edu/crockerlab/measures.htm  

• Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., Cooper, M. L., & Bouvrette, S. (2003). Contingencies of self-worth in college students: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 894-908. See: http://www.rcgd.isr.umich.edu/crockerlab/measures.htm

• Heatherton, T.E. & Polivy, J. (1991). Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 895-910. See:  http://www.yorku.ca/rokada/psyctest/

see also Psychological Well-Being

see also Positive Psychology

Self-monitoring

• Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. Snyder, Mark; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 30(4), Oct 1974. pp. 526-537. http://pubpages.unh.edu/~ckb/SELFMON2.html or  http://www.outofservice.com/self-monitor-censor-test/

Sensation-seeking

see Risk-taking

Sexual Behavior/Sexuality

• The Sociosexuality Inventory (SOI) developed by Simpson and Gangestad (1991) - designed to measure individual differences in attitudes and behavior with respect to "unrestricted" (vs. "restricted") sexuality.
  • Also see:  Jackson and Kirkpatrick (2007) in Evolution and Human  Behavior  - a two-dimensional measure that the authors argue is better both conceptually and empirically than the original SOI.
• Handbook of Sexuality-Related Measures by Clive Davis, William Yarber, R. Bauserman, G. Schreer, & S. Davis (Eds.) - 1998, Sage Publications.
• Davis, C.M., Yarber, W.L., Bauserman, R., Schreer, G., & Davis, S.L. (1998). Handbook of sexuality-related measures. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Risk Behavior Assessment done by NIDA. 
• UC San Francisco's Center For AIDS Prevention Studies (CAPS). http://www.caps.ucsf.edu/tools/surveys/
• The Kinsey Institute: http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/research/kidata.html
• Simpson, J. A., & Gangestad, S. W. (1991). Individual Differences in Sociosexuality: Evidence for Convergent and Discriminant Validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(6), 870-883. 
• Derogatis, L. R., Rosen, R., Leiblum, S., Burnett, A., & Heiman, J. (2002). The Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS): Initial validation of a standardized scale for assessment of sexually related personal distress in women. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 28, 317-330.
• Rosen, R., Brown, C., Heiman, J., Leiblum, S., Meston, C., Shabsigh, R., et al. (2000). The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): A multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 26, 191-208.
• Meston CM, Trapnell PD, Gorzalka BB (1996). Ethnic and gender differences in sexuality: Variations in sexual behavior between Asian and non-Asian university students. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25, 33-71.  Download at:  http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/group/MestonLAB/HTML%20files/pubs.htm
• University of Chicago's "National Health and Social Life Survey" http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/310/6978/540

• Nungesser (1983).  Homosexual Acts, Actors, and Identities.  (Book includes scales.)
• Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men (ATLG)  http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/atlg.html
  • Herek, G.M. (1994). Assessing attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A review of empirical research with the ATLG scale. In B. Greene, & G.M. Herek (Eds.) Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 206-228). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
• Larsen, K.S., Reed, M., & Hoffman, S. (1980). Attitudes of heterosexuals toward homosexuality: A Likert-type scale and construct validity. The Journal of Sex Research, 16, 245-257.
• Attitudes Toward Homosexual Persons - Kite, M. E., & Deaux, K. (1986). Attitudes toward homosexuality: Assessment and behavioral consequences. Basic and Applied Psychology, 7, 137-162. 
  • Kite's website:  http://www.bsu.edu/web/mkite/scales.htm
• Development and Validation of a Scale Measuring Modern Prejudice Toward Gay Men and Lesbian Women. Morrison, Melanie A.; Morrison, Todd G.; Journal of Homosexuality, Vol 43(2), 2002, pp. 15-37
• Cottrell, C. A., & Neuberg, S. L. (2005). Different emotional reactions to different groups: A sociofunctional threat-based approach to 'prejudice.' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 770-789.
• Support for Lesbian and Gay Human Rights Scale (SLGHR; Ellis, Kitzinger, & Wilkinson, 2002).
• GASP web page http://www.psych.utah.edu/gasp/index.html  which has a database of scales related to LGB issues
• Index of Homophobia (Index of Attitudes toward homosexuals; Ricketts & Hudson)
• Internalized Homophobia Scale (IHS; Wagner)
• Evaluation thermometer measure for assessing attitudes toward gay men (Haddock & Zanna)
• Clausell, E., & Fiske, S. T. (2005). When do the parts add up to the whole? Ambivalent stereotype content for gay male subgroups. Social Cognition, 23, 157-176.

• Revised Cheek & Buss Shyness Scale: www.wellesley.edu/Psychology/Cheek/jcheek.html

• Crowne, D.P. & Marlowe, D. (1964). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349-354.
• Ballard, R. (1992). Short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale. Psychological Reports, 71, 1155-1160.
• Fraboni, M., & Cooper, D. (1989). Further validation of three short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne scale of social desirability. Psychological Reports, 65, 595-600.
• Nelson, W. M. (1982). Development of reliable and valid short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 236-238.
• Robinette, R. L. (1991). The relationship between the Marlowe-Crowne Form C and the validity scales of the MMPI. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47, 396-399.
• Silverstein, A. B. (1983). Validity of random short forms: II. The Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 502-584.
  Strahan, R., & Gerbasi, K. C. (1972). Short, homogeneous versions of the Marlow (sic)-Crowne social desirability scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 191-193. [includes a 20-item form, and two 10-item ones]

• Slugoski, B. R. & Wilson, A. E. (1998). Contribution of conversation skills to the production of judgmental errors. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28. 575-601 -  the style in which we communicate in conversation may affect how others interpret our conversation. This paper discusses a way to detect how effectively people communicate, which is one "social skill." This is measured by having participants guess what order a previously-orchestrated conversation took place in. 
• Riggio's "Assessment of Basic Social Skills" - Riggio, R. E. (1986). Assessment of Basic Social Skills. JPSP, 51, 649-660. They use a 105-item self-reported social skills inventory which predicts some social group membership, social behaviors, and depth of social networks. It does this by examining expressivity, sensitivity, and control in emotional and social realms, a factor-analytically-extracted structure. Items include self- descriptive statements which are rated on Likert scales ranging from "not at all true of me" to "very true of me." The scale is available for purchase at http://www.mindgarden.com/products/ssins.htm
• Baron-Cohen et al.'s "Autism-Spectrum Quotient"  Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S., & Skinner, R., & Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001) Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 5-17.  A scale to predict autism or Asperger's syndrome, two disorders characterized by mild to extreme social ineptitude. This scale provides norms from the general population (some randomly selected controls, as well as college undergrads), as well as some specific populations which are stereotyped as having low social skills (e.g., Mathematics Olympiad winners and science majors), and pathological populations (i.e., adults with Asperger's syndrome or high-functioning autism). The scale is published in the cited article, and the items appear to measure many social skills and correlates.
• Mayer & Salovey's "Emotional Intelligence"
  • See Emotional Intelligence on this page.

• Social Network Index. Cohen S, Doyle WJ, Skoner DP, Rabin BS, Gwaltney JM (1997). Social ties and susceptibility to the common cold. JAMA, 277, 1940-4. See http://www.psy.cmu.edu/~scohen/scales.html (about 2/3 of the way down the page).
• Sheldon Cohen's Interpersonal Support Evaluation List, versions of which are available at http://www.psy.cmu.edu/~scohen/scales.html (about 2/3 of the way down the page)
• Sense of Support Scale (Dolbier & Steinhardt, 2000). The 21-item SOSS measures "global perceptions of quantity and quality of social support" (p. 173)
• Basic Psychological Needs Scale (Baard et al., 2004; La Guardia et al., 2000) a 9-item relatedness need satisfaction subscale assesses the degree to which people feel that they have experienced relatedness or closeness with others. 
• Cutrona's "The Social Provisions Scale."   http://www.psychology.iastate.edu/~ccutrona/socprov.htm
• Cohen, Gordon & Gottlieb (Eds.) Social support measurement and interventions: A guide for health and social scientists. NY: Oxford. 
• Lakey B, Cohen, J. Social Support Assessment. In S Ayers, A Baum, C McManus, S Newman, K Wallston, J Weinman, R West. Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health, & Medicine 2nd Eds. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 
• The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet & Farley, 1988). See http://www.yorku.ca/rokada/psyctest/

• Ryan, C. S., & Bogart, L. M. (1997). Development of new group members' in-group and out-group stereotypes: Changes in perceived group variability and ethnocentrism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 719-732.
• Ryan, C. S., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (1996). Effects of stereotypes on judgments of individuals: The moderating role of perceived group variability. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 71-103.
• Biernat, M., Vescio, T.K., Green, M.L. (1996). Selective self-stereotyping. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 71, 1194-1209.

• Roberson, L., Deitch, E. A., Brief, A. P., & Block, C. R. (2003).  Stereotype threat and feedback seeking in the workplace.  Journal of Vocational behavior, 62, 176-188.
• Cohne, G. L.; & Garcia, J. (2005). 'I am us': Negative stereotypes as collective threats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89
  • Study 1 provides some evidence of successfully assessing threat experienced by stigmatized minorities earlier in their development.]
• Marx, Stapel, & Mueller, 2005 - measures tapping threat-related worry and anxiety. See publication list (and download articles) at: http://www.stapel.socialpsychology.nl/publications.html
• Mendoza-Denton et al., 2002 - race-based rejection scale
• Steele & Aronson (JPSP,Vol 69, 1995) used a variety of measures of the effects of stereotype threat that might be useful. Although they used these as dependent measures, it would probably be easy to adapt them to measure general thoughts about academic competence and self-worth as a dispositional measure.
• Brown & Josephs, 2000 - Mathematics Identification Questionnaire (MIQ).
• Toni Schmader modified the collective self-esteem scale for women.
• Gresky, Ten Eyck, Lord, & McIntyre 2005 showed that if students think about self as complex, vs. simple, they were less affected by threat.
• Pinel, E. C. (1999).  Stigma consciousness:  The psychological legacy of social stereotypes.  JPSP, 76, 114.  [Validated stigma consciousness questionnaires for gender, sexuality, and race.]
  • Also see Brown & Pinel (JESP, Vol 39, 2003).

• Weiner, B., Perry, R. & Magnusson, J. (1988). An attributional analysis of reactions to stigmas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 738-748.
• Blascovich, J., Mendes, W.B., Hunter, S.B., & Lickel, B. (2000). Stigma, threat, and social interactions. In T. Heatherton & R. Kleck (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Stigma. Guilford: New York 
• Pinel, E. C. (1999).  Stigma consciousness:  The psychological legacy of social stereotypes.  JPSP, 76, 114.  [Validated stigma consciousness questionnaires for gender, sexuality, and race.]
  • Also see Brown & Pinel (JESP, Vol 39, 2003)

see also Racial/Ethnic Identity

see also Prejudice

• Perceived Stress Scale (commonly used):  see http://www.psy.cmu.edu/~scohen/  (click on "scales")
  • Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396
  • Be aware of "contamination" from negative emotion and other personality variables:  Watson, D. (1988). Intraindividual and interindividual analyses of positive and negative affect: their relation to health complaints, perceived stress, and daily activities. JPSP, 54, 1020-30.
• Also see these articles that show how "neurotics" may create their own "environmental" stressors: Bolger N, Zuckerman A. (1995). A framework for studying personality in the stress process. JPSP, 69, 890-902.  and Bolger N, Schilling EA (1991). Personality and the problems of everyday life: the role of neuroticism in exposure and reactivity to daily stressors. J Pers., 59, 355–386.
• Crandall, C.S., Preisler, J. & Aussprung, J.J. (1992). Measuring life event stress in the lives of college students: The Undergraduate Stress Questionnaire (USQ, Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 627-662  http://www.springerlink.com/content/v0234pl782v05046/
• Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11(2), 213–218
• Heart rate, blood pressure, galvanic skin response


see also cortisol samples

see also Anxiety

• Speech stressor - Saab et al. (1989).
• Math stressors:
  • Cacioppo, J. T., Malarkey, W. B., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Uchino, B. N., Sgoutas-Emch, S. A., Sheridan, J. F., Berntson, G. G., & Glaser, R. (1995). Heterogeneity in neuroendocrine and immune responses to brief psychological stressors as a function of autonomic cardiac activation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57, 154-164.); 
  • Kelsey et al., Psychophysiology, Tomaka & Blascovich, 1993, and Schneider, 2004.
• Trier Social Stress Task -- for information about this task, see Kirschbaum et al., 1993.
• Difficult anagrams - adjust the stressor level by pairing completion with something important to the student (these measure your verbal ability, they're correlated with GPA, etc.).  See: Gilhooly, K. J. (1978). Bigram statistics for 205 five-letter words having single-solution anagrams. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 10 (3), 389-392.
• learned helplessness manipulations
• mirror tracing
• memory tasks
• time limited tasks under evaluative pressure
• Cyberball, a means of excluding an individual in a 3-person virtual ball toss, but perhaps it invokes other feelings you don't want to have packaged with stress.  It is freely downloadable at: http://www2.psych.purdue.edu/~kip/Announce/cyberball.htm
• Chicago Acute Psychological Stress (CAPS) Protocol
• Reference reading: Dickerson and Kemeny's (2004) meta-analysis on lab stressors and cortisol.
  
  
  see also Learned helplessness  

see also Anagrams

• Schultheiss, O. C., & Brunstein, J. C. (in press as of May 2004). An implicit motive perspective on competence. In A. J. Elliot & C. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation. New York: Guilford.  

• Trust Scale (Rempel, Holmes & Zanna, 1985) - For close interpersonal relationships. See http://www.yorku.ca/rokada/psyctest/

• Steven L. Neuberg and Jason T. Newsom. (1993). Personal Need for Structure: Individual Differences in the Desire for Simple Structure. JPSP, 65, 113-131
• Neuberg, S. L., & Newsom, J. T. (1993). Personal Need for Structure: Individual differences in the desire for simple structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 113-131.
• Neuberg, S. L., Judice, T. N., & West, S. G. (1997). What the Need for Closure Scale measures and what it does not: Toward differentiating among related epistemic motives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1396-1412.
• Neuberg, S. L., West, S. G., Judice, T. N., & Thompson, M. M. (1997). On dimensionality, discriminant validity, and the role of psychometric analyses in personality theory and measurement: Reply to Kruglanski et al.'s (1997) Defense of the Need for Closure Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1017-1029.
• Greco, V., & Roger, D. (2001). Coping with uncertainty: The construction and validation of a new measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 519-534.  

• Stuckless, N., & Goranson, R. (1992). The vengeance scale: Development of a measure of attitudes toward revenge. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 7, 25-42.
• Cota-McKinley, A. L., Woody, W. D., & Bell, P. A. (2001). Vengeance: Effects of gender, age, and religious background. Aggressive Behavior, 27, 343-350.
• Mauger, Perry, Freeman, Grove, McBride, & McKinney (1991) The measurement of forgiveness: Preliminary research. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 11, 170-180.
• Buss and Perry's Aggression Questionnaire.  Buss, A.H., & Perry, M. (1992). The Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452-459.  see http://www.yorku.ca/rokada/psyctest/
• Siegel, J. (1986). The multidimensional anger inventory. JPSP, Vol. 51.
• Sharkin, B., & Gelso, C. The anger discomfort scale: Beginning reliability and validity data. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 24, 61-68.
• McCullough, Bellah, Kilpatrick, & Johnson (2001). Vengefulness: Relationships with forgiveness, rumination, well-being, and the Big Five. PSPB, 27, 601-610.
• Harmon-Jones, E. (2004). On the relationship of frontal brain  activity and anger: Examining the role of attitude toward anger. Cognition & Emotion, 18, 337-362.
• Harmon-Jones, E., & Allen, J. J. B. (1998). Anger and frontal brain activity: EEG asymmetry consistent with approach motivation despite negative affective valence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1310-1316.
• Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations (TRIM) Inventory, which includes a Revenge subcale: McCullough, Rachal, Sandage, Worthington, Brown, & Hight (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships II: Theoretical elaboration and measurement. JPSP, 75, 1586-1603.
• Eisenberger, R., Lynch., P. , Aselage, J. & Rohdieck, S. (2004). Who takes the most revenge? Individual differences in negative reciprocity norm endorsement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30, 787-799.

Weight Bias

• Yuker, Harold E.; Allison, David B.; Faith, Myles S. (1995). Methods for measuring attitudes and beliefs about obese people. In: Handbook of assessment methods for eating behaviors and weight-related problems: Measures, theory, and research. D.B. Allison (Ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc, 81-118.
• The measurement of attitudes toward and beliefs about obese persons. Allison, David B.; Basile, Vincent C.; Yuker, Harold E.; International Journal of Eating Disorders, Vol 10(5), Sep 1991. pp. 599-607.

Words/Non-words (stimuli) & Word Frequency

• English Lexicon Project http://elexicon.wustl.edu  
• ARC Non-word Database http://www.maccs.mq.edu.au/~nwdb/nwdb.html
• University of South Florida Free Association Norms http://w3.usf.edu/FreeAssociation
• Thesaurus.com http://thesaurus.reference.com
• Colin Davis's Homepage (has a program, N-Watch, that provides various psycholiguistic norms.  http://www.pc.rhul.ac.uk/staff/c.davis/Utilities/
  • PDF article:  www.pc.rhul.ac.uk/staff/c.davis/Articles/Davis_05.pdf
• International Affective Word system - Muhlenberg students only, note that Dr. Edelman has a copy of this.
• MRC Psycholinguistics database - allows users to look up and search for words based on over two dozen criteria, including the word length, word type, concreteness, familiarity, imagability, word frequency (Kucera-Francis written frequency, Brown verbal frequency, etc.) and others. http://www.psy.uwa.edu.au/MRCDataBase/uwa_mrc.htm
• Kucera, H. & Francis, W.N. (1967). Computational analysis of present-day American English. Providence : Brown University Press.
• Carroll, J.B., Davies, P., & Richman, B. (1971). Word frequency book. New York: American Heritage.


see also Anagrams

Working Memory

• Working memory tasks. There are a variety of working memory tasks. For more information on the different types and advice on which to use, check out the following review article (available for PDF download at http://psychology.gatech.edu/renglelab/; click on "pubs" in the left menu): Conway, A. R. A., Kane, M. J., Bunting, M. F., Hambrick, D. Z., Wilhelm, O., & Engle, R. W. (2005). Working memory span tasks: A methodological review and user's guide. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 12, 769 - 786.

see also Cognitive Load