Finding Psychological Measures/Scales and Manipulations

*updated extensively 8/2007

(Note: This website is intended as a resource for undergraduate students and is a collection of possible sources for the user to track down. Please do not email the Psychology Department at Muhlenberg for assistance with any of these measures, we don't know any more than what is listed. Also, check for copyright/use permissions for all scales, especially if you publish or present your work.)

The first place to start when looking for a way to measure a particular construct is with PSYCHINFO. If you can't seem to zero in on what you want in PSYCHINFO, this list of resources might be able to help. Some of the listings are web links to the scale itself, and others are authors, keywords, or citations you can plug into PSYCHINFO to try to get what you need.

This is not an exhaustive list, but instead an eclectic list informed by resources various psychology faculty and students have stumbled across. You also want to check with your research advisor, as he or she may have their own "catalog" of scales. The best way to use this site is to go to the "Edit" and "Find" feature in your browser. Try searching a variety of terms. If you can't find the specific measure you are looking for on this page, be sure to check out the general resources listed just below. If all of those efforts fail you, check out the advice at the bottom of this webpage.

Please help update and add to this list. Email wolfe@muhlenberg.edu with revisions (e.g., broken links) or additions.

GENERAL RESOURCES

(Switch to a search for specific constructs)

BOOKS

Directory of Unpublished Experimental Mental Measures, Bert A. Goldman, David F. Mitchell, and Paula Egelson

J. Maltby, C.A. Lewis, & A. Hill (Eds.). (2000). Commissioned Reviews of 250 Psychological Tests: Volume 1. Wales, UK: Edwin Mellen Press. (ISBN 077347452-8)

J. Maltby, C.A. Lewis, & A. Hill (Eds.). (2000) Commissioned Reviews of 250 Psychological Tests: Volume 2. Wales, UK: Edwin Mellen Press. (ISBN 077347454-4)

Robinson, J.P., Shaver, P.R., & Wrightsman, L.S. (eds.) (1991). Measures of social psychological attitudes, Vol. 1: Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Robinson, J.P., Shaver, P.R., & Wrightsman, L.S. (eds.) (1999). Measures of social psychological attitudes, Vol. 2: Measures of political attitudes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Handbook of Psychological Assessment by Gary Groth-Marnat

Miller, D.C. (1991). Handbook of research design and social measurement. Newbury Park: Sage.

Socioemotional measures for preschool and kindergarten children: A Handbook. (1973) Deborah Klein Walker. Jossey-Bass

Handbook of Sexuality-Related Measures by Clive Davis, William Yarber, R. Bauserman, G. Schreer, & S. Davis (Eds.) - 1998, Sage Publications.

WEB RESOURCES

	An excellent resource! Online compendium of free, public-domain psychometric instruments. Some of the instruments, marked with an asterisk (*) are available in other languages besides English. http://www.hs.ttu.edu/research/reifman/qic.htm
	http://jonathan.mueller.faculty.noctrl.edu/crow/studies.htm
	Psychonomic Society Archive of Norms, Stimuli, and Data http://www.psychonomic.org/archive
	Here is a database of many psychological scales: http://www.atkinson.yorku.ca/~psyctest/

You can find a variety of attitude measures and other scales (e.g., self-esteem, self-consciousness) online at the Social Psychology Network: http://www.socialpsychology.org/expts.htm

American Psychological Association - advice from APA on finding psychological tests: http://www.apa.org/science/faq-findtests.html

Software for computer-based data collection: http://www.empirisoft.com/directrt.aspx

ERIC - The ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation is now widely recognized as the central source in the education and social science fields. http://ericae.net/testcol.htm#ETSTF

Test Publishers Online - http://ericae.net/intbodc.htm#TPub

Mind Garden - publishes a range of psychological instruments in both paper and electronic form.
http://mindgarden.com/about.htm

Buros Institute of Mental Measurement - http://www.unl.edu/buros/index.html

The Society for Personality and Social Psychologists (http://www.spsp.org/index.html) maintains and email archive site that contains lots of emails with advice on how to measure or get information about different constructs. To go directly to the email archive site for the Society for Personality and Social Psychologists: SPSP Email Archive

SEARCH FOR SPECIFIC CONSTRUCTS

This is not a comprehensive list of sources on any of the topics or constructs mentioned. This is an eclectic list composed of resources some students and faculty have come across in their own research. Contact wolfe@muhlenberg.edu if you find revisions (e.g., broken link) or additions to the list.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Academic Self-Efficacy

Chemers, Hu, and Garcia's (2001)

Bandura (1997)

Chemers, M. M., Hu, L., & Garcia, B. F. (2001). Academic Self-efficacy and First Year Student Performance and Adjustment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93, 55-64

Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (ASES), Steven M Elias (in press as of 2001; Journal of Applied Social Psychology).

E. Skinner's book Perceived Control, Motivation & Coping.

Skinner, E. A., Chapman, M., & Baltes, P. B. (1988a). Control, means-ends, and agency beliefs: A new conceptualization and its measurement during childhood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 117-133.

Todd Little, Anna Stetsenko and Gabriele Oettingen, check in JPSP.

Achieving Styles

(?) Prof. Lipman-Blumen has a website www.achievingstyles.com

See Competition

Acculturation Measures

Olmedo, E. L. (1979). Acculturation: A psychometric perspective. American Psychologist, 34, 1061-1070.
(compared 7 scales)
Skinner, J. H. (2002). Acculturation: Measures of ethnic accommodation to the dominant American culture. In J. H. Skinner, J. A. Teresi, H. Douglas, S. M. Stahl & A. L. Stewart (Eds.), Multicultural measurement in older populations (pp. 37-51). New York: Springer. (compared 24 scales)
Zane, N., & Mak, W. (2003). Major approaches to the measurement of acculturation among ethnic minority populations: A content analysis and al alternative empirical strategy. In K. M. Chun, P. B. Organista, & G. Marín (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement and applied research (pp. 39-60). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Assoc. (compared 21 scales)
Yamada, A. M., Barrio, R. V. C., & Jeste, D. (2006). Selecting an acculturation measure for use with Latino older adults. Research on Aging, 28, 519-561. (compared 15 scales)
Matsudaira, T. (2006). Measures of psychological acculturation: A review. Transcultural Psychiatry, 43, 462-487. (compared 51 scales)

see also Multicultural measures

see also Racial Identity

Affiliation

Hill, C. A. (1987). Affiliation motivation: People who need people . . . but in different ways. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1008-1018.
Atkinson, J. W., Heyns, R. W., & Veroff, J. (1958). The effect of experimental arousal of the affiliation motive on thematic apperception. In J. W. Atkinson (Ed.), Motives in fantasy, action, and society: A method of assessment and study (pp. 95-104. Princeton NJ: Van Nostrand.
Atkinson, J. W., & Walker, E. L. (1958). The affiliation motive and perceptual sensitivity to faces. In J. W. Atkinson (Ed.), Motives in fantasy, action, and society: A method of assessment and study (pp. 360-366). Princeton NJ: Van Nostrand.
Heyns, R. W., Veroff, J., & Atkinson, J. W. (1992). A scoring manual for the affiliation motive. In C. P. Smith (Ed.), Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. 211-223). New York: Cambridge University Press.
A related measure has been developed by McAdams: McAdams, D. P., & Powers, J. (1981). Themes of intimacy in behavior and thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 573-587.
McAdams, D. P. (1992). The intimacy motive. In C. P. Smith (Ed.), Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. 224-228). New York: Cambridge University Press.

For reviews of the validity and reliability of the affiliation motive measure, see:
Koestner, R., & McClelland, D. C. (1992). The affiliation motive. In C. P. Smith (Ed.), Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. 205-210). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Boyatzis, R. E. (1973). Affiliation motivation. In D. C. McClelland & R. S. Steele (Eds.), Human motivation -- a book of readings(pp. 252-276). Morristown, NJ: General Learning Corporation.
Lundy, A. (1985). The reliability of the Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 141-145.
McClelland, D. C. (1987). Human motivation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Winter, D. G. (1996). Personality: Analysis and interpretation of lives. New York: McGraw-Hill.

For discussions of the relationship between content-coding and self-report measures of affiliation and other motivational needs, see:
McClelland, D. C., Koestner, R., & Weinberger, J. (1989). How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ? Psychological Review, 96, 690-702.
Weinberger, J., & McClelland, D. C. (1990). Cognitive versus traditional motivational models: Irreconcilable or complementary? In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 562-597). New York: Guilford Press.
Schultheiss, O. C. (2001). An information processing account of implicit motive arousal. In M. L. Maehr & P. Pintrich (Eds.) Advances in motivation and achievement (Vol. 12: New directions in measures and methods, pp. 1-41). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Schultheiss, O. C., Pang, J. S., Torges, C. M., Wirth, M. M., & Treynor, W. (in press). Perceived facial expressions of emotion as motivational incentives: Evidence from a differential implicit learning paradigm. Emotion.
Schultheiss, O. C., Dargel, A., & Rohde, W. (2003). Implicit motives and gonadal steroid hormones: Effects of menstrual cycle phase, oral contraceptive use, and relationship status. Hormones and Behavior, 43, 293-301.
Schultheiss, O. C., Wirth, M. M., & Stanton, S. (2004). Effects of affiliation and power motivation arousal on salivary progesterone and testosterone. Hormones and Behavior, 46(5), 592-599.

Agentic (vs. communal) orientation

see Individualism vs. Collectivism

Aggression & Assertiveness

Jackson's PRF scales. ?

Tangney, J. P., Barlow, D. H., Wagner, P. E., Marschall, D. E., Borenstein, J. K., Sanftner, J., Mohr, T., & Gramzow, R. (1996). Assessing individual differences in constructive vs. destructive responses to anger across the lifespan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 780-796.

Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992) - see http://www.atkinson.yorku.ca/~psyctest/

Alcohol Related Issues

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism website: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/

Ambiguity

see Uncertainty

Anagrams

Anagrams for use as stimulus materials

Brown, J. D., & Dutton, K. A. (1995). The thrill of victory, the complexity of defeat: Self-esteem and people's emotional reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 712-722

Egloff, B., & Krohne, H. W. (1996). Repressive emotional discreteness after failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1318-1326.

Gilhooly, K. J. (1978). Bigram statistics for 205 five-letter words having single-solution anagrams. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 10 (3), 389-392.

Create your own anagrams. http://www.genius2000.com/agfree.html

Aspinwall, L.G., & Richter, L. (1999). Optimism and self-mastery predict more rapid disengagement from unsolvable tasks in the presence of alternatives. Motivation and Emotion, 23, 221-245.

Srinivas, K., & Roediger, H. L. (1990). Classifying implicit memory tests: Category association and anagram solution. Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 389-412.

Burger, J. M., & Arkin, R. M. (1980). Prediction, control and learned helplessness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 482-491.

Anxiety

Costello-Comrey Anxiety Scale (CCAS; Costello & Comrey, 1967).

Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory is copyrighted. It can be ordered through Mind Garden, Inc., 1690 Woodside Road, Suite 202, Redwood City, CA 94061 (650) 261-3500. www.mindgarden.com

To see a preview copy of the scale try any of the below:

Spielberger, C. D., & Sydeman, S. J. (1994). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. In C. D. Spielberger & S. J. Sydeman (Eds.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcome assessment (p. 292-321). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Spielberger, Vagg, Barker, Donham & Westberry Chapter 6 of Stress & Anxiety: Vol. 7 (1980) Hemisphere Publishing Washington, D.C.

Spielberger, C.D. & Sarason, I.G. Eds. The Factor Structure of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.

State Subscale: http://www.kenyon7.freeserve.co.uk/StateAnxietyScale/stateAnxiety7.html

Trait Subscale: http://www.kenyon7.freeserve.co.uk/TraitAnxietyScale/TraitAnxiety1.html

Math/Computer Anxiety

Plake, B.S., & Parker, C.S. (1982). The development and validation of a revised version of the mathematics anxiety rating scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 42, 551-557.

Hopko, D. R. (2003). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Math Anxiety Rating Scale--Revised. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63, issue 2.

Loyd, B. & Gressard, C. (1984). Reliability and factorial validity of computer attitude scales. Educational and Psychological Meaurement, 44, 501-55.

Computer Anxiety Rating Scale (Heinssen, Glass & Knight, 1987) - see http://www.atkinson.yorku.ca/~psyctest/

Social anxiety

Leary, M. R. (1990). Social anxiety, shyness, and related constructs. In J. Robinson, P. Shaver, & L. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 161-194). New York: Academic Press.

Leary, M. R. (1983). Understanding social anxiety. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

The Social Phobia Scale/Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SPS/SIAS; Mattick & Clarke, 1998).

see also Psychological Well-being

Approach-Avoidance

BIS/BAS measuring individuals' reward and punishment sensitivity: Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and the affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333. http://members.tripod.com/~stampede_/scales/BISBAS.DOC

Attitudes Toward Women Scale

Spence, Helmreich & Stapp, 1973 - see http://www.atkinson.yorku.ca/~psyctest/

Attachment (Relationship) Styles

The definitive website about ADULT attachment styles (including background, measures and references) can be found at: http://www.psych.uiuc.edu/~rcfraley/measures/measures.html

Attachment Threat/Challenge manipulations

Modify the task in: Murray, S., Rose, P., Bellavia, G., Holmes, J.,Kusche, A. (2002). When rejection stings: How self-esteem constrains relationship enhancement processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 556-573.

* Look into a number of articles by M. Mikulincer and colleagues

* Look into work by R. Mendoza-Denton & O.Ayduk (on rejection sensitivity)

*Look into methodology created by N. Kaplan (the Separation Anxiety Test).

Attractiveness

see Physical Attractiveness

Belonging (e.g., need to belong)

UCLA Loneliness Scale
Inclusion of Community in Self Scale. This is an explicit derivative of Aron, Aron & Smollan's Inclusion of Other in Self Scale. In addition to asking about ACTUAL connectedness, we inquire about DESIRED connectedness -- this desired connectedness might hint at the need to belong?
Sense of Belonging Index.
Psychological sense of community scales that could potentially be altered to get at the need to belong (see for example Obst, Zinkiewicz, & Smith, 2002). E.g., you could change the item that reads, "I feel a strong sense of ties with the other people who live in my community" to "It is important to me to feel a strong sense of ties..."
Bill Ickes's Social Orientation Scale taps more of how people actually ARE in relationships, rather than their need to belong. That said, social absorption and social individuation (his subscales) seem quite relevant to the need to belong.

Belief in a Just World

see Just World Hypothesis

Body Image

Stunkard, A. J., Sorensen, T., & Schulsinger, F. (1983). Use of the Danish adoption register for the study of obesity and thinnness. In S. Katy (Ed.), The genetics of neurological and psychiatric disorders (pp. 115-120). New York: Raven Press.

Cohn, L. D., & Adler, N. E. (1992). Female and male perceptions of ideal body shapes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 16, 69-79.

Singh, D. (1995). Female judgment of male attractiveness and desirability for relationships: Role of waist-to-hip ratio and financial status. JPSP, 69, 1089-1101.

Thompson & Gray (1995) Journal of Personality Assessment, "Development and Validation of a New Body-Image Assessment Scale" [Images they used published in Handbook of Assessment Methods for Eating Behaviors and Weight-Related Problems : Measures, Theory, and Research, by David B. Allison (Editor), Sage Publications. (Not sure if this differs from the drawings used in the cites above)

The breast/chest rating scale. Original source: Thompson, J. K., & Tantleff, S. T. (1992). Female and male ratings of upper torso: Actual, ideal, and stereotypical conceptions. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 7, 345-354.

The Body Esteem Scale (Franzoi & Shields, 1984) - see http://www.atkinson.yorku.ca/~psyctest/

The Body Awareness Scale (Shields, Mallory & Simon, 1989) - see http://www.atkinson.yorku.ca/~psyctest/

Dieting Beliefs Scale (Stotland & Zuroff, 1990) - A measure of weight locus of control. See http://www.atkinson.yorku.ca/~psyctest/

Bogus feedback manipulations

Remote Associates Test

Remote Associates Test, McFarlin & Blascovich (1984), Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 5, 223-229.

Website: http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~kihlstrm/RATest.htm

Mednick, M.T.,Mednick, S.A., & Mednick E.V., 1962/7?.

Kruger, JPSP,77, 221-232.

Bowers, K.S., Regehr, G., Balthazard, C.G., & parker, K. (1990). Intuition in the context of discovery. Cognitive Psychology, 22, 72-110.

Dorfman, J., Shames, V.A., & Kihlstrom, J.F. (1996). Intuition, incubation, and insight: Implicit cognition in problem-solving. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Implicit cognition (pp. 257-296). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kihlstrom, J.F., Shames, V.A., & Dorfman, J. (1996). Initimations of memory and thought. In L. Reder (Ed.), Implicit memory and metacognition (pp. 1-23). Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum.

Other bogus feedback ideas...

Gaertner, Sedikides, & Graetz (1999) in JPSP.

Harry Hirschfield sketches

The TAA paradigm developed by Jemmont, Ditto, & Croyle that gives people feedback about their results from a test for an enzyme deficiency. See Taylor & Shepperd, PSPB, 1998.

Cattell's test of "G"- the embedded figures task.

The Dental Admissions Test (American Dental Association) which is comprised of items that show an unfolded figure with four folded figures and requires the test taker to choose one of the four folded figures that would be formed if the unfolded figure was in fact folded.

Schultheiss & Brunstein (2000), Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 269-277. On this task, participants have to find a series of digits that are embedded within a grid of numbers.

Pate (1988), International Journal of Management, 5(2), 180-187.

Raven's Progressive Matrices. See Alicke, LoSchiavo, Zerbst, & Zhang (1997), JPSP, 73, 781-789.

Tests of aesthetic ability in which participants have to judge which of a pair of paintings is better (the "correct" answer is determined by art experts). See Klein (1997), JPSP, 72, 763-774.

Insight problems and lateral thinking problems. See Metcalfe (1986), Journal of Experimenatal Psychology:LMC, 12, 623-634.

see also Racism

Cheating Manipulations

Jerald Greenberg's lab research on justice and stealing. He got undergrads to steal pennies from a jar in response to an injustice.

Colin Camerer (2003) has an excellent text on Behavioral Economics.

Elinor Ostrom has written extensively in this area.

Kathleen Vohs (as of 8/2007 in press, Psychological Science).

Vargas, Von Hippel, & Petty. (2004). Using partially structured attitude measures to enhance the attitude-behavior relationship. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 197-211 (anagram task)

Von Hippel, Lakin, & Shakarchi (2005). Individual differences in motivated social cognition: The case of self-serving information processing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1347-1357.

Muraven, Pogarsky, & Shmueli. (2006). Self-control Depletion and the General Theory of Crime. Journal of Quant Criminology, 22, 263-277.

Mazar & Ariely (2006). Dishonesty in everyday life and its policy implications. American Marketing Association, 25, 117-126.

Diener and Wallbom, 1976, the measure was whether people continued to work on a timed test after the timer went off.

Wilson & Lassiter (1982). Increasing Intrinsic Interest with Superfluous Extrinsic Constraints. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 811-819. (see Study 2)

see also Games

Child-parent relationships

see Parent-Child

Cognitive Load (Manipulations)

Remember 9 digits - Note this is hard to control even in a controlled experiment. You don't know if or when people have committed it to memory, or how they are responding to the request.
Rich Petty's master thesis (Petty, Wells, & Brock, 1976) had lights flash in four quadrants around a computer screen. Participants had to report when the light flashed in one quadrant (but had to attend to all flashes.
Knowles & Condon (1999) used an on-line task. Different sounds emitted at irregular intervals. Participants had to push a key when the sound was a "piano" rather than some other stringed instrument. The piano played rarely, but participants had to attend to each note. The advantage of these cognitively on-line manipulations is that you can measure the participant's accuracy at the distraction task.
Manipulating time pressure might be an alternative to manipulating cognitive load. A natural manipulation check, then, is the time participants actually take to do a task or to provide a response. Objective time pressure: involves a clock; Subjective time pressure: "go as fast as you can!"
Have participants listen to a music recording and have some participants pay close attention to specific words in the song (e.g., the number of occurrences of the word "time"; other participants simply listen to the music but are not given any special listening instructions) while completing another task.
Cover story: "We are interested in what some psychologists refer to as internal rhythm. A person's internal rhythm is his or her capacity to generate evenly-spaced beats in their heads. While you look at the following stimuli, we would like you to place your index finger on the number 5. Once the next screen appears, we would like to you to hit the number 5 immediately, count to 5 seconds, and then hit it again. We would like for you to continue doing this until the next screen appears." To motivate them to actually do this task (the computer does not actually record anything), you can offer to put anyone who completes the task reasonably well into a raffle (and in fact put everyone in the raffle), or you can tell them that they will be given feedback on their internal rhythm.
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In high load conditions have them also play a game of cyberball (rigged of course so that they each have equal turns at passing and catching). Cyberball:http://www2.psych.purdue.edu/~kip/Announce/cyberball.htm
Skitka et al. (JPSP, 2002) -- involves tracking sequential tones (very distracting and even frustrating for participants)
Count the number of times particular words appear in a text i.e., "a" and "the", as they are reading stimuli or count the number of times a particular letter appears while reading text.

Web-based "remember a number" cognitive load tricks:

Display the number to memorize in a pop-up window which then closes itself. Have it check the referring page before displaying the number, so that if a subject manages to ferret the address out from their history and go there directly, it won't display.
Since many people now have pop-up blockers, another way to do it is to use javascript to direct the current window to the number display page, then back again, and then forward to the next page in the experiment. This effectively deletes the display page from their trail so they can't go "back" to it.
Display the number in a textarea field. Use javascript to write to it, and then write over it with blanks so that if the subject uses the back button, all they'll see is a blank field.
Don't hard-code the number. Randomly generate it so that even if someone manages to get the page back, they'll get a different number. Just remember to have it written to your database so you know what number they got!
Generate a number-image to prevent cut-and-paste. (But then, they could just write it down on a piece of paper.)
We used a little java applett to do a version of the 2 back test... numbers are presented every second, and they have to hit the space bar if the number they are seeing now is the same as the number that appeared 2 digits previously. The only drawbacks to this is that P's have to have their browsers configured to accept java (most do, but not all), and you have to have someone who can program some java, or at least javascript (confusingly enough, not the same thing).
Disabling the 'back button' is a straightforward programming issue. You are than left with the possibility of respondents re-entering the research site from another window to take a second peep at the numbers, but that can be easily controlled for by recording IP addresses and log-on times of hits to your site, and than weeding outs those who re-entered
PsychData, for one, will not allow participants to return to a previous page within an experiment. http://www.psychdata.com/default.asp (Of course, that wouldn't stop them writing it down.)

Collectivism

see Individualism vs. Collectivism

Commitment (general attitude, fear of)

Maslach's "individuation scale", which assesses people's willingness to publicly commit to issues/actions. Maslach, C., Stapp, J., & Santee, R. T. (1985). Individuation: conceptual analysis and assessment. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 49, 729-738.
A measure of judgmental self-doubt (given that, if you do not trust your own judgment, you may also have trouble committing). Mirels, H. L., Greblo, P., and Dean, J. B. (2002). Judgmental self-doubt: beliefs about one's judgmental prowess. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 741-758.
Personal fear of invalidity, needs for structure or closure, or other scales from the epistemic motives area (e.g., 1990s work by Kruglanski, Neuberg et al., Thompson et al.). Or the opposite fear of leaving things ambiguous and open- ended.
Serling, D. A., and Betz, N.E. (1990). Development and evaluation of a measure of fear of commitment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37, 91-97.

Other more general sources that were suggested:

Phil Brickman's "Commitment, conflict, and caring" (1989) book
The attachment literature
Searching for antonyms (e.g., assertiveness, decision-making style).

Communal

see Individualism vs. Collectivism

Competition (Competitiveness & related constructs)

Social Value Orientation measure classifies participants into types (cooperator, competitor, individualist). May prefer the longer 24-item version because the 9-item version is obvious in what its getting at and produces less competitors (10-15%) than the longer versions. Here is the reference for the longer version: Liebrand, W. B. (1984). The effect of social motives, communication and group size on Behavior in a N person multi stage mixed motive game. European Journal of Social Psychology, 14, 239 264.

Ryckman, Richard M., Hammer, Max, Kaczor, Linda M. Gold, Joel A. Construction of a Hypercompetitive Attitude Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol 55(3-4), Win 1990. pp. 630-639.

Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable relating to social roles and intergroup relations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 741-763.

Power measure by Winter: Winter, D. G. (1973). The power motive. Free Press, New York; see also the n Power scoring featured in his integrated scoring system for running text [available from the author:

dgwinter@umich.edu

]: Winter, D. G. (1994). Manual for scoring motive imagery in running text, 4 ed. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.). n Power represents an implicit need for having impact on others and dominating them.

The Jenkins Activity Survey has a competitiveness scale. Go to:

http://www.cps.nova.edu/~cpphelp/JAS.html

Achievement Motivation Scale - Cassidy, T., & Lynn, R. (1989). A multifactorial approach to achievement motivation: The development of a comprehensive measure. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62, 301-312. It includes subscales associated with competitiveness, dominance, status, achievement orientation.

Computer Anxiety

see Anxiety

Conformity

The Need for Uniqueness Scale http://www.outofservice.com/freak/ (check on legitimacy of this scale)
Mehrabian, A. & Stefl, C.A. (1995). Basic temperament of loneliness, shyness, and conformity. Social Behavior and Personality, 23, 253-264. see http://www.kaaj.com/psych/scales/conform.html for scale items and a manual about the scale.

Conscience

Fenigstein, Sheier, & Buss (1975, J. Con. Clin. Psy., 43, 522-527)- self-consciousness scales. Individuals high in private self-consciousness (PSC; one of the three subscales), have an increased likelihood of engaging in morally acceptable behaviors and avoiding the temptation to engage in morally unacceptable behaviors

Prosocial self-regulation questionnaire (SRQ-P): http://www.psych.rochester.edu/SDT/measures/selfreg.html

Control (need for)

Burger, J. M. (1992a). Desire for Control: Personality, Social and Clinical Perspectives. New York: Plenum.
Burger, J. M., & Cooper, H. M. (1979). The desirability of control. Motivation and Emotion, 3, 381-393.
Burger, J. M., and Hemans, L. T. (1988). Desire for control and the use of attribution processes. Journal of Personality, 56, 531-546.
Zuckerman, M., Knee, C. R., Kieffer, S. C., & Gagne, M. (2004). What individuals believe they can and cannot do: Explorations of realistic and unrealistic control beliefs. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82, 215-232.
Budner, S. (1962). Intolerance of ambiguity as a personality variable. Journal of Personality, 30 29-50. -
Shapiro Control Inventory (SCI, Shapiro, 1992). The Shapiro Control Inventory (SCI) has 187 items and 9 scales (overall, positive, negative, domain- specific, positive assertive, positive yielding, negative assertive, negative yielding, and desire for control).
Drake, R. A., & Crow, L. T. (1989). A role for hemispheric asymmetry in human behavioral variability. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science, 24, 43-49. (includes a a simple neurobiological manipulation to increase or decrease desire for control)

see also Locus of Control

Cooperation

Lu, Luo; Argyle, Michael; Happiness and cooperation. Personality & Individual Differences. Vol 12(10), 1991, pp.1019-1030

see also Competition

Cortisol Samples

Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1994). Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: recent developments and applications. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 19(4), 313-333.

Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1989). Salivary cortisol in psycho-biological research: An overview. Neuropsychobiology, 22, 150-169

http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/Research/Allostatic/notebook/challenge.html#Sampling

Culture (openness to)

see Openness

Cynicism

The MPQ Alienation Scale

Maslach Burnout Scale

Organizational Cynicism:

Kanter & Mirvis (1989) The Cynical Americans. (scale in their book)

Andersson & Bateman (1997) Cynicism in the Workplace, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 449-469.
Dean, Brandes, & Dharwdker (1998). Academy of Management Review, 23, 341-352.

Machiavellianism Scale (IV) in Studies in Machiavellianism.

Reciprocation wariness: Lynch et al (1999). Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 467-437.

Hostility: Cook & Medly (1954). Hostility scale, Journal of Applied Psychology, 38, 414-418.

Depression

Radloff, L.S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.

Beck Depression Inventory.

see also Psychological Well-being

Doctors (Attitudes of)

Ashworth, C. D., Williamson, P., & Montano, D. (1984). A scale to measure beliefs about psychosocial aspects of patient care. Social Science in Medicine, 19, 1235-1238.

Egalitarianism

General

Norm Feather (1994) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology

Dake and Wildavsky worldviews scale as cited in Peters, E. and P. Slovic (1996). "The role of affect and worldviews as orienting dispositions in the perception and acceptance of nuclear power." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 26(16): 1427-1453.

Bruce M. Meglino & Liz Ravlin: http://darlamoore.badm.sc.edu/faculty/vita/meglino.htm

Measures relative emphasis respondents place on fairness, achievement, concern for others, and honesty/integrity.

Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: Free Press.

Triandis, H. C. (1996). The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes. American Psychologist, 51, 407-415. Describes cultural orientation which is the result of crossing Low power-distance with high collectivism: horizontal collectivism.

Shalom Schwartz's studies on values. (E.g., Schwartz, S. H. & Ross, M. (1995). Values in the West: A theoretical and empirical challenge to the individualism-collectivism cultural dimension. World Psychology, 1, 91-122.).

National Election Studies Egalitarianism scale (Biased toward egalitarianism). See Feldman, Amer J of Political Science, 1988.

King & King (1993) Sex Role Egalitarianism Scale

"Chronic" Egalitarianism

Mike Sumner developed an American version of the German measure used by Moskowitz et. al (1999). Ss take a multiple-choice test that forces them to make sexist responses (and rate women before and after the test).

Sidanius, J. Social Dominance Theory: A number of his studies have compared hierarchy-enhancing and hierarchy-attenuating jobs, professions, and college majors. While it may be a confound, students majoring in social work, defense, law, multicultural studies, and the like might be chronic egalitarians.

Monin and Miller Journal of Personality and Social Psychology article from 2000/200. Threatens gender equality based self with a questionnaire.

Vescio, T. used the Katz & Hatz scales (Egalitarian and Protestant Work Ethic). (A "true" egalitarian could be defined as those who most strongly endorse egalitarianism and who are low in Protestant Work Ethic.)

Van Lange, Otten, De Bruin, and Joireman (1997, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology). Prosocial orientation involves the tendency to pursue two (empirically correlated) goals: (a) maximize the well-being, or outcomes of self and others (cooperation), and (b) maximize equality in outcomes (Egalitarianism; see Van Lange, 1999, JPSP).

Emotion

Stimuli to provoke emotions

B. Gross & J. Levenson film series

International Affective Picture Series (IAPS), http://uf3t.health.ufl.edu/csea/

Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, (1995). International affective picture system (IAPS): Technical manual and affective ratings. Gainesville, FL. The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida

http://psych.colorado.edu/~tito/publications.html

Coats and Feldman (1996) PSPB.

Ito, T.A., Cacioppo, J.T., & Lang, P.J. (1998). Eliciting affect using the International Affective Picture System: Bivariate evaluation and ambivalence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 856-879.

Levy, J. (1976). Lateral dominance and aesthetic preference. Neuropsychologia, 14, 445.

Beaumont, J. G. (1985). Lateral organization and aesthetic preference: The importance of peripheral visual asymmetries. Neuropsychologia, 23, 113.

Drake, R. A. (1987). Effects of gaze manipulation on aesthetic judgments: Hemisphere priming of affect. Acta Psychologica, 65, 99.

McFarland, R. A., & Kennison, R. F. (1988). Asymmetrical effects of music upon spatial-sequential learning. Journal of General Psychology, 115, 263-272.

Merckelbach, H., & van Oppen, P. (1989). Effects of gaze manipulation on subjective evaluation of neutral and phobia-relevant stimuli. Acta Psychologica, 70, 147-151.

Rodway, P., Wright. L., & Hardie, S. (2003). The valence-specific laterality effect in free viewing conditions: The influence of sex, handedness, and response bias. Brain and Cognition, 53, 452-463.

See also:

Fox, N. A., & Davidson, R. J. (1987). Electroencephalogram asymmetry in response to the approach of a stranger and maternal separation in 10 & 20 month old infants. Developmental Psychology, 23, 240.

Altenmuller, E., Schurmann, K., Lim, V. K., & Parlitz, D. (2002). Hits to the left, flops to the right: Different emotions during listening to music are reflected in cortical lateralisation patterns. Neuropsychologia, 40, 2242-2256.

Measures of Emotion - Implicit, Physiological or Indirect

Projective tests. Example of use: Barclay & Haber (cited in Dutton & Aron, 1974 JPSP)

Rusting, C.L., & Larsen, L.J. (1998). Personality and cognitive processing of affective information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 200-213.

Chinese pictographs for affective priming can be found in the downloads section of this website: www.unc.edu/~bkpayne/

Tesser, A., Millar, M., & Moore, J. (1988). Some affective consequences of social comparison and reflection processes: The pain and pleasure of being close. JPSP, 54, 49-61.

Weinberger, 1992; Weinberger et al. 1998; Siegel & Weinberger, 1998.

GSR (Galvanic Skin Response)

EMG (obtaining zygomatic and corrugator activity)

Startle amplitude (orbicularis occuli) responses

Startle eyeblink response (Lang)

Facial electromyograms (Caccioppo)

Emotional Stroop task (e.g., Williams, Mathews & MacLeod, 1996)

The FACS coding system (coding of facial expressions; Ekman)

"Endurance Time" (e.g., time spent doing an interesting vs. boring task)

Selection of words. Ss are told that a computer will flash a word at subliminal speed and that they should circle the word they thought they saw from a number of choices -- one choice is an emotion word and the others are similar-sounding neutral words (Experiment 5 in Twenge, Catanese, & Baumeister, 2003, JPSP, November).

Projection onto music (listen to a piece of music, and say how sad or happy it is.)

Mayer, J. D., & Hanson, E. (1995). Mood-congruent judgment over time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 237-244.
Give participants word fragments to complete, in which the stimulus can be completed with an affect-related word (e.g., p _ _ _ d, can be completed as proud, pried, plied, etc.).
Word Fluency tasks. A word is presented and associates are asked for. You then code for the relative proportions of emotion related words generated between your various subject groups.
Arm flexion strength may correlate with positive valence and arm extension strength with negative. Presumably this is mediated by their associations with approach and avoidance respectively.
Only for right handers, marking a line to the right ----------|------of center may represent approach emotions, including liking and anger. Marks to the left correlate with withdrawal like sad, anxious.
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) (Greenwald, Nosek, Banaji)
Have subjects count backwards from 100. Sad mood is thought to cause slower counting.
Videotape subjects and have judges rate how they appear
Objects, such as a book-light are given higher monetary values as a function of certain moods induced prior to presenting the objects (Higgins).

Reference Readings

Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 297-327.
De Hower, J., Crombez, G., Baeyens, F., & Hermans, D. (2001). On the generality of the affective Simon effect. Cognition and Emotion, 15,189-206.
Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Bridget, J., Dunton, C., & WIlliams, C.J.,(1995) Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A Bona Fide Pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013-1027
Murphy, S.T. and Zajonc, R.B. (1993). Affect, cognition, and awareness:Affective priming with suboptimal stimulus exposures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64 (5), 723-739.
Randy J. Larsen and Zvjezdana Prizmic. (In Press) Measuring Emotions: Implications of a Multi-Method Perspective. Chapter to appear in: M. Eid and E. Diener (Eds.), Handbook of Psychological Measurement: A Multimethod Perspective. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
Larsen, R. J., & Fredrickson, B. L. (1999). Measurement issues in emotion research. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, and N. Schwarz (Eds) Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. (p. 40-60) New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Kihlstrom, J.F., Mulvaney, S., Tobias, B.A., & Tobis, I.P. (2000). The emotional unconscious. In E. Eich, J. F. Kihlstrom, G.H. Bower, J.P.Forgas, & P.M. Niedenthal (Eds.), Cognition and emotion (pp.30-86). New York: Oxford University Press. Summary of chapter: http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~kihlstrm/apa98a.htm
Kihlstrom, J.F. (2004). Implicit methods in social psychology. In C. Sansone, C. Morf, & A. Panter (Eds.), The Sage handbook of methods in social psychology (pp. 195-212). Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.
Winkielman, Piotr; Berridge, Kent C. Unconscious Emotion. Current Directions in Psychological Science. Vol 13(3) Jun 2004, 120-123.

Measures of Emotion - Explicit

Job Related Affective Well-Being Scale (JAWS). Van Katwyk, P. T., Fox, S. Spector, P. E., & Kelloway, E. K. (2000)

Feelings Scale. In: Schimmack, U., & Grob, A. (2000). Dimensional models of core affect: A quantitative comparison by means of structural equation modeling. European Journal of Personality, 14, 325-345.

Job Affect Scale von Burke, Brief, George, Roberson, & Webster (1989). Measuring affect at work: confirmatory analysis of competing mood structures with conceptual linkage to cortical regulatory systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1091-1102.

PANAS von Watson, D., Clark, L. A. & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.

Emotional Intelligence

Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS). www.cjwolfe.com

Mayer- Salovey-Caruso Emotional >Intelligence Test, Version 2.

Some primary references on emotional intelligence are:

Mayer, J. D. & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. Sluyter (Eds). Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Implications for Educators (pp. 3-31). New York: Basic Books.

Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D., & Salovey, P. (1999). Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27, 267-298.

Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2000). Models of emotional intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.). Handbook of Intelligence (pp. 396-420). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Two chapters by Mayer and colleagues that are included in Baron and Parker's, “Handbook of Emotional Intelligence."

Empathy

Mehrabian, A. & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40, 525-543.

Hogan's empathy scale

Davis, Mark H. Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology. Vol 44(1), Jan 1983, 113-126

Measure of personal value priorities: Schwartz value survey ?

La Monica Empathy Profile: Contact Aicom; Sterling Forest, Tuxedo, NY 10987.

Rest's DIT. ?

Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory

Empathy and interpersonal hostility (Cook-Medley)

Ethnic Identity

see multicultural measures

Faces/People

Photographs of people to use as study stimuli

The Productive Aging Laboratory has sets of faces of males and females of various races between the ages of 18-29, 30-49, 50-69, and 70-94. For each person, there are three different photos: 1 smiling, 1 with a neutral expression, and 1 profile. You can find the database at https://agingmind.cns.uiuc.edu/facedb/ .You have to request a login to be able to download the collections, but they responded to my request within 24 hours.

There is a FERET database that has a wide variety of pictures of faces. To get the database (it is owned by a government agency, the NIST), you have to write the technical agent requesting a copy which they give to you for free. http://www.itl.nist.gov/iad/humanid/feret/

IAPS (International affective picture system). Copies of the IAPS can be requested from the Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention at the University of Florida - http://www.phhp.ufl.edu/csea/Media.html#topmedia

Muhlenberg Students Only: Note that Dr. Edelman has a copy of this.

NIMSTIM. I know the expressions are equalized, but I'm not sure about the attractiveness levels. http://www.macbrain.org/faces/

Ursula Hess & Martin Beaupre (the set is called: MSFDE: Montreal Set of Facial Display of Emotion) http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r24700/Labo/Labo/index.html

Academic Facial Attributes Catalogue for Experiments - http://www.psy.uq.edu.au/a-face

Brain Nosek has on his website sets of IAT face stimuli. http://briannosek.com/

http://www.empirisoft.com/jarvis/darc/faces.zip - contains pictures of male Caucasian faces that tested neutral (they were the 30 *most* neutral selected from an initial set of 125 or so). They were rated neutral on positivity, negativity and combined scales.

Steve Nowicki has a set of facial expressions for children and adults called the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Affect (DANVA2). The DANVA2 faces have high and low intensity happy, sad, angry, and fearful expressions.

http://uf3t.health.ufl.edu/csea/med.html

http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r24700/english/frame.html -facial stimuli of various ethnic origins and facial expressions.

Psychological Image Collection at Stirling (http://pics.psych.stir.ac.uk/)

Photos from the Wechsler Memory Scale

Matsumoto, D., & Ekman, P. (1988). Japanese and Caucasian facial expressions of Emotion (JACFEE) and Neutral Faces (JACNeuF). [Slides]. San Francisco, CA: Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University. Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion (JACFEE) and the Japanese and Caucasian Neutral Faces (JACNeuF). http://www.paulekman.com/researchpage2.htm

Florida correctional website-- you can specify age, race, gender. have a look here: http://www.dc.state.fl.us/inmateinfo/inmateinfomenu.asp click on "search all offenders"

All Look Same? ( www.alllooksame.com) - even the name can be seen as a wink or a challenge - Dyske Suematsu, a Web designer, tests your ability to identify people by Asian descent in 18 individual photographs.

www.socialphotos.com has thousands of photographs dealing with social issues.

Check with companies that supply stock photos

istockphoto.com...they have a great selection of royalty free searchable photos.... http://www.istockphoto.com/file_search.php?action=file&text=people+interacting

Software to create/change the appearance of faces.

http://www.reallusion.com/facefilter/reference.asp

Curios Labs' Poser 5 (new version: 6) to create faces and whole figures.http://www.e-frontier.com/go/poser_hpl ($250)

www.facegen.com. It costs around $600 for academics.

Adobe Photoshop (www.adobe.com)

Freeware version of Photoshop that you can check out called the GIMP.

FantaMorph

MagicMorph

www.morphases.com

Elastic Reality which is a morphing program that can be used to combine multiple faces together to create new faces

FREEWARE PROGRAM CALLED MORPHER - http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~FX6M-FJMY/index2.html

$10. http://www.uni-regensburg.de/Fakultaeten/phil_Fak_II/Psychologie/Psy_II/beautycheck/english/index.htm

"3-D me now" used to create 3-d faces from 2 pictures (1 front, 1 side). It is fairly easy to learn to use and the benefit is that you can add movement or even speech to the faces once created.

Biometrix software- http://www.iqbiometrix.com/products_faces_40.html

"Kai's Power Goo" (MetaCreations) to create overweight version of normal faces (faces often looked somehow deformed and unnatural and extensive pre-testing was needed)

FaceFilter Studio by Reallusion. http://www.reallusion.com/facefilter/default.asp

Peoplemaker

http://mandrivausers.org/lofiversion/index.php?t19481.html - useful for a variety of photograph manipulation tasks (resizing, filtering, face merging ), and it's free. It's a substantial up-front learning cost but simple manips can be performed with limited expertise.

Picasa or Adobe Photoalbum for cataloging images

Fraternities

-see sororities and fraternities

Games (on-line, for use in various manipulations)

Deutsch & Krauss's trucking game (1960, J. of Abnormal and Social Psych, 61, 181-189).
Backjack, poker, etc.
Fehr's 2002, Nature. Free-rider concept. People play against computer confederates, but think they're playing with 3 other people. There is a minimal chat function controlled by the experimenter.
Cyberball -- http://www2.psych.purdue.edu/~kip/Announce/cyberball.htm
Quake III Arena - use it's virtual environments in psychological experimenting in general (e.g., to assess behavior of romantic couples). Andreas Frey (Computers in Human Behavior)
Prisoner's dilemma, e.g., Jones B, Steele M, Gahagan J, Tedeschi J. (1968) Matrix values and cooperative behavior in the Prisoner's Dilemma game. J Pers Soc Psychol. 148-53.

Group Performance Manipulations

Kip Williams' Cyberball game http://www2.psych.purdue.edu/~kip/Announce/cyberball.htm
Kelley, H. H., Holmes, J. G., Kerr, N. L., Reis, H. T., Rusbult, C. E., & van Lange, P. A. M. (2003). An atlas of interpersonal situations. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Gender - Attitudes Toward Women Scale

Spence, Helmreich & Stapp, 1973 - see http://www.atkinson.yorku.ca/~psyctest