Prejudice Reduction, Possible Readings

Please remember that your projects must address both a visible or behavioral component of prejudice, as well as its underlying automatic attitude. Also, consider the powerful effects of some basic social psychological principles such as: cognitive dissonance, social norms, contact (recategorization), guilt, implicit “re-training,” self-affirmation. The sources below include references for these concepts and more.

  1. Aronson, E., & Bridgeman, D. (1979). Jigsaw groups and the desegregated classroom: In pursuit of common goals. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 5(4), 438-446.
  2. Aronson, E., & Gonzalez, A. (1988).  Desegregation, jigsaw and the Mexican-American experience.  In P. Katz & D. Taylor (Eds.), Eliminating racism. (pp. 301-314). New York:  Plenum.
  3. Amodio, D. M., Devine, P. G., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2007). A dynamic model of guilt: Implications for motivation and self-regulation in the context of prejudice. Psychological Science, 18(6), 524-530.
  4. Amodio, D. M., & Devine, P. G. (2005). Changing prejudice: The effects of persuasion on implicit and explicit forms of race bias. In Persuasion: Psychological Insights and Perspectives, 2nd ed. (pp. 249-280).
  5. Blair, I. V., Ma, J. E., & Lenton, A. P. (2001). Imagining stereotypes away: The moderation of implicit stereotypes through mental imagery. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 81(5), 828-840.
  6. Blascovich, J., Mendes, W. B., Hunter, S. B., Lickel, B., & Kowai-Bell, N. (2001). Perceiver threat in social interactions with stigmatized others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(2), 253-267.
  7. Brauer, M., Judd, C., & Jacquelin, V. (2001). The communication of social stereotypes: The effects of group discussion and information distribution on stereotypic appraisals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(3), 463-475.
  8. Cohen, G. L., Garcia, J., Apfel, N., & Master, A. (2006). Reducing the racial achievement gap: A social-psychological intervention. Science, 313, 1307-1310.
  9. Dasgupta, N., & Rivera, L. M. (2008). When social context matters: The influence of long-term contact and short-term exposure to admired outgroup members on implicit attitudes and behavioral intentions. Social Cognition, 26(1), 112-123.
  10. Devine, P. (2005). Breaking the prejudice habit: Allport’s “inner conflict” revisited. In J.F. Dovidio, P. Glick & L.A. Rudman (Eds.) On the Nature of Prejudice: Fifty Years After Allport (pp. 327-342). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  11. Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1999). Reducing prejudice: Combating intergroup biases. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8(4), 101-105.
  12. Gaertner, S.L., & Dovidio, J.F. (2005). Categorization, recategorization and intergroup bias. In J.F. Dovidio, P. Glick & L.A. Rudman (Eds.) On the Nature of Prejudice: Fifty Years After Allport (pp. 71-88). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  13. Eisenstadt, D., Leippe, M. R., Stambush, M. A., Rauch, S. M., & Rivers, J. A. (2005). Dissonance and prejudice: Personal costs, choice, and change in attitudes and racial beliefs following counterattitudinal advocacy that benefits a minority. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27(2), 127-141.
  14. Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2005). Understanding and addressing contemporary racism: From aversive racism to the Common Ingroup Identity Model. Journal of Social Issues, 61(3), 615-639.
  15. Galinsky, A. D., Martorana, P. V., & Ku, G. (2003). To control or not to control stereotypes: Separating the implicit and explicit processes of perspective-taking and suppression. In J. P. Forgas, K. D. Williams, & W. von Hippel (Eds.), Social Judgments: Implicit and Explicit Processes. (pp. 343-363).
  16. Gawronski, B., Deutsch, R., Mbirkou, S., Seibt, B., & Strack, F. (2008). When 'just say no' is not enough: Affirmation versus negation training and the reduction of automatic stereotype activation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(2), 370-377.
  17. Houlette, M. A., Gaertner, S. L., Johnson, K. M., Banker, B. S., Riek, B. M., & Dovidio, J. F. (2004). Developing a more inclusive social identity: An elementary school intervention. Journal of Social Issues, 60(1), 35-55.
  18. Johns, M., Schmader, T., & Martens, A. (2005). Knowing is half the battle: Teaching stereotype threat as a means of improving women's math performance. Psychological Science, 16(3), 175-179.
  19. Kawakami, K., Dovidio, J. F., & van Kamp, S. (2005). Kicking the habit: Effects of nonstereotypic association training and correction processes on hiring decisions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41(1), 68-75.
  20. Kawakami, K., Moll, J., Hermsen, S., Dovidio, J. F., & Russin, A. (2000). Just say no (to stereotyping): Effects of training in the negation of stereotypic associations on stereotype activation. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 78(5), 871-888.
  21. Kenworthy, J.B., Turner, R.N., Hewstone, M. & Voci, A. (2005). Intergroup contact: When does it work and why? In J.F. Dovidio, P. Glick & L.A. Rudman (Eds.) On the Nature of Prejudice: Fifty Years After Allport (pp. 278-292). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  22. Lowery, B. S., Hardin, C. D., & Sinclair, S. (2001). Social influence effects on automatic racial prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 842-855.
  23. Martens, A., Johns, M., Greenberg, J., & Schimel, J. (2006). Combating stereotype threat: The effect of self-affirmation on women’s intellectual performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(2), 236-243.
  24. Miller, N. (2002). Personalization and the promise of contact theory. Journal of Social Issues, 58(2), 387.
  25. Monin, B. (2001). Moral credentials and the expression of prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 33-43.
  26. Pettijohn, T. F. I., & Walzer, A. S. (2008). Reducing racism, sexism, and homophobia in college students by completing a psychology of prejudice course. College Student Journal, 42(2), 459-468.
  27. Richards, Z., & Hewstone, M. (2001). Subtyping and subgrouping: Processes for the prevention and promotion of stereotype change. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(1), 52-73.
  28. Richeson, J. A., & Nussbaum, R. J. (2004). The impact of multiculturalism versus color-blindness on racial bias. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(3), 417-423.
  29. Rudman, L. A., Ashmore, R. D., & Gary, M. L. (2001). 'Unlearning' automatic biases: The malleability of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 856-868.
  30. Stephan, W. G., & Finlay, K. (1999). The role of empathy in improving intergroup relations. Journal of Social Issues, 55(4), 729-743.
  31. Stephan, W. & Stephan, C.W. (2005). Intergroup relations program evaluation. In J.F. Dovidio, P. Glick & L.A. Rudman (Eds.) On the Nature of Prejudice: Fifty Years After Allport (pp. 431-446). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  32. Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (2001). Evaluative versus conceptual judgments in automatic stereotyping and prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37(3), 244-252.
  33. Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (2001). Spontaneous prejudice in context: Variability in automatically activated attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 815-827.
  34. Wolfe, C., & Spencer, S. (1996). Stereotypes and prejudice Their overt and subtle influence in the classroom. American Behavioral Scientist, 40(2), 176-185.
  35. Zárate, M. A., & Garza, A. A. (2002). In-group distinctiveness and self-affirmation as dual components of prejudice reduction. Self and Identity, 1(3), 235-249.